Marketing plan and the strategies for small business enterprises

Marketing computer program and the strategies for scummy pipeline enterprisesSmall backup enterprises (SBE) atomic number 18 normally started and owned by solely and is the way of entrepreneurs own trade concept and is different parvenu(prenominal) than billet in global foodstuff place. It is the widely spread and cognize tune in western region of world, special(prenominal)ally in Europe and is change to worlds scrimping precise efficiently. Though there is invariably deprivation of market specialists and the resources as well as skills, merchandise barbel atomic number 18 always based on sole decision makers as of entrepreneurs perceptions. It in any case kitty non be separated from the merchandise approach which includes relationship approach and is found that merchandise is valuable as former(a) functional beas of the meek trade governments. The trade is affected by marketing which includes, the localisation of function, pricing, sales techniq ues, advertising, promotional activities even the object of the company. Marketing is all about(predicate) the making its clients aware of the harvest-festivals or operate, best de margeine, good service and fol emiting up the customers are even much important which dissolve be done better than the competitors.IntroductionIn general minuscule patronagees are run by the owner who owned the stemma privately. harmonise to the Industry Canada, the communication melodic line that has less(prenominal) than vitamin D employees is known as clarified medium enterprise. In addition, weensy origin is defined as the traffic having less than 100 employees and if the byplay is based on service then the number of employees is even less than 50 and. fit to SBEs industry published guidelines, for wholesaling the range of employees falls under 100 to 500 and for manufacturing, ranging from 500 to 1500.Thought the gloomy vexationes hold lesser number of employees and other reso urces, it holds the reasonful position for the economic development. It is quite difficult to define the absolute definition for small melody because of different varieties of firms, scarce finally concord to the agreement, is defined differently in different parts of the world and tally to the national needfully. (Theng and Boon 1996). It plays the vital role as the contri howeverors to the economic, development and the craft growth in the economy of Individual County as well as in the world economy. Mulhern (1995) concluded that, there is 99% of companies are small and medium sized in all over Europe whereas also generated 66% of employment.The idea of comparing the size of a commerce, to the size and power of a boat, provides an excellent analogy. A cruise ship may reject storms and high waves much better than a small yacht, but it is non real manoeuvrable. A speedboat jackpot go places a ship could neer attempt. It is faster, agile, and can turn quickly to avoid da nger. These comparisons are no surprise. roughly pot seem to realize these differences, but contemplating them well enough to bond their potential is what separates the weak from the strong. The small athlete, who could easily be crushed by bigger competitors, can still win by dodging them and outrunning them.For small business owners to reconcile the same thinking as big business can easily bring disaster. You have the advantage if you think differently. railway line models are changing fast, and a small agile company can adapt more quickly. There are big companies teetering on the border of bankruptcy. Some of them are so steeped in outdated business practices that they cannot adapt quickly enough to avoid hitting the iceberg.E very(prenominal) product or the work is worthless unless there are any customers to buy them and are the underlying factors for making any business towards the success or the failure. here(predicate) exists the essence or the sizeableness of marke ting for generating the customers for the business whether it is done online or offline. Marketing is none other than creating the prerequisites for the products or the service provided by the business from the potential customers and even more additional demands from the existing customers. (www.the earningsbusinesscoach.co.uk) In general, conscionable about of the small businesses spend less on marketing but key for whole process is to focus on the repair customers whether by adding rank to the products or services which is directly perceived by the customers mind creating the bulls eye loyalty which will be discussed in next section of this report.client as a Key FactorThe mantra The customer is the king, is commonplace since the 1940s. The customers are being key factors for the success of the business since early age of business development. In every or almost all business enterprises, the eventual(prenominal) goal of those organizations is to fulfil the demands or thei r wants and needs through products or the services to the customers.CRM as the solution for Small Business node relationship guidance widely known as CRM, as mentioned by (Chang, Liao and Hsiao, 2005) it is really an discernable fact when came out after the occurrence of Internet and the web applied science in order to facilitate for the implementation of CRM. It mainly focuses on the fundamental interaction amid the customers and the service providers through the Internet and the web based applications. Customer Relationship Management is a comprehensive dodge and process of acquiring, retaining and partnering with discriminating customers to create superior value for the company and the customer. (J. N. Sheth A. Parvatiyar, 2001).The most important sentiment of CRM is the selection of the customers. As many another(prenominal) of the researchers has shown in their studies that, all the customers are not always profitable for any individual company. Some customers might be profitable for any individual company but not for all. So company therefore adopt the selective programme and marketing efforts by segmenting and selecting the most fruitful or profitable customers as the individual marketing programme.So as the size of small business and the ready(prenominal) resources, it is very important to focus on particular customers from the particular section of the market, widely known as the segment of the market. The owner of the small business spends less on marketing and the strategy so, determining the profitable customers become very prerequisite for the small business.Needs of Marketing for SBEThe marketing needs of small business are very different but simple. He further added, local markets are mainly targeted for business advertisement of small business. The most common methods for advertisement flyers, yellow pages are used in local market. As it is the back bone of European business and many of other countries. In todays world economy, small business is contributing the most. The lack of perfect business plan and market strategies is squeezing the possibilities for the success so the adopting the marketing plan and strategies will definitely help the small business to grow agreeable the ultimate customers need and wants.It allows looking forward to plan the changing environment and the trend of the existing market even changes of the competitors. It is for help to identifying the strengths and impuissancees of own company, its products or the services as well as the reviewing the available resources and the skills and to explore them to get fit in the market and to fulfil the companys strategicalalal goal. bone up Analysis of SBEIt is the well known tool for analysing the strategic position of the business and the environment. The purpose of this tool is basically to begin the strategy which is ultimately creates the specific business model. There are four factors in SWOT analysis which are as followsStrengths it is the qualities of any business organization which enables the business to survive and to gain the competitive advantage. It can be both tangible or intangible. As the small business are small in size but also have the strength of low investment risk and low investment on the advertisement.Weakness these are the factors which is the standard of business organizations. Low product range, poor decision making, inadequate research facilities. In terms of small business, it does not need the abundant numbers of resources but whereas the product is have-to doe with, the small business focuses on very few ranges of products as well as limited services.Opportunities It is the opportunities which are look in the environment where the business organization operates. As the small businesses are the back bone of the country economy, arise in market, increase demand are the opportunities of the small business.Threats this is the condition where the environment is not in save of the busin ess. In general there are some threats for small business because of the existence of openhanded business occupying the market of small business.Market grooming for SBEs Product or ServicesThere are two types of strategic market planning. They are as followsLong-term market planning short-run market planningLong-term market planning the long-term market planning is set as the name suggest for the long term goal of the company as a scheduled day-to-day business and marketing activities. This is ongoing process and the marketing activities whereas is the essential part for new business.Short-term market planning it is the process of developing and setting the specific goals. This is adoptive by the existing businesses in response to the unexpected in the business and if is new in the marketplace. On the other hand, it is basically adopted when there is decrement in market share, launching new product, increasing in customers complaint, and change in government regulations and if new market is determine for the product or the service.Depending upon the market or the business whether it is existing business or the new business the marketing plan can be chosen out of two which both focuses on the companys strength and the weakness of the competitors and to improve the market position while increasing the sales and the lucrativeness of the company.Marketing strategies for SBEThe customers needs and wants can be fulfilled when the speckle are analysed which are the key factors for the business success. The factors involved in marketing strategies are as followsMarket partMarket targetingMarket localisationValue propositionGenerally segmenting the market means mathematical grouping the people of same behaviour or the buying pattern of the customers. Whereas segmentation is concerned with the small businesses, it is very important to find out the right customers from the right place. Though the market is very small, finding the profitable customers and their ne eds is essential for the small businesses. Segmenting the market can be of different types according to geographic, demographic, psychographic and behavioural.According to geographic segmentation, it is based on the region, size or the density of the population. It is eudaimonia for the small business to segment the market according to the geographic location because of the popularity of the products or the services where the business can occupy its own market. On the other hand, demographic segmentation, it is based on age, gender, income occupation, religion, family size, education and so on. This can be another benefit for small businesses because of limited resources it is easier for small business to launch the new products or for the promotion of new products or the services. beside is psychographic segmentation which deals with the life style of the customers, their social pattern, values, and opinions, their interests, attitudes. Small business focuses on the customers of similar class rather than the high class, so that the products or the services will fit with all the general class. Final strategy of market segmentation is behavioural segmentation and is based on the pattern of leverage behaviour and also based on usage rate. This segmentation is someways bear upon the small business.Where the small business is concerned, the combination of geographic segmentation and demographic segmentation are best conform to for the small business as targeting on very specific customers is fruitful and less pricy for small business organizations.After deciding the segmentation strategy, the next tread is to target the right market. According to Ferrel et al, 2008, there are five strategies for targeting the market. The first-year is single segment targeting. This strategy is normally selected by the small business because of concentrating on specific segment of the market. On the other hand, selective specialness select the multiple segment of the market and is widely, known as secernate strategy. Product specialization is another which specially deals with the particular specific group of customers. Mass market targeting is the one which is specially adopted by the large businesses and target the mass markets. Finally market specialization which expertise in one market and provides the solutions to the customers problems.Importance of positioning for SBEPositioning is not merely to position any product or services in any location or in the place rather it is about to attract the attentions of the products while matching the customers needs and wants. It is about the position in customers mind against the competing products. Kotler (1986). For positioning the product or the services, Robert et al (2006) purposed some approaches where attributes of the product, and deals with marking loyalty of the products by delivering the better value than the competitors.Brand name and the value for the product by positioning in customers min d is known as price or quality approach. Product user and the product class is another one which deals with the specific group of products whereas use of application approach deals with positioning according to the uses by the customers. Competitor is the last one and deals with as the name suggests positioning directly to the market by distinguishing to each other.For small business, use of application approach will be best suited because of the same behaviour of customer buying pattern. For example McDonald is most popular for fast food but in competition to street look for n chips sleuth in UK. Though the fist n chips shop can also provides all the services to the customers as McDonald can but the trend of customers is highly follow the others.Pricing Strategies of SBEIt is most important to focus on pricing strategy as it is the major factors affecting the marketing mix. It is the important factors for the product features, choosing the channel distribution for the products or the services and determines the whole resources of the business. There are different types of pricing strategy for the product or the services. They are premium pricing, skim pricing, penetration pricing and economy pricing. Among of all the pricing strategy, it is suggested to adopt economy pricing strategy as the small business organization would cover all the customers in pump level neither high class nor the low class. The product or the services should be easily accessible to all level of customers satisfying the needs and the wants. The Pound shop or 99p shop in UK can be the best examples as they provide all the products for just a 1.Distribution system for SBEs Products or ServicesIt is the methods of providing the products or the services to the ultimate customers what they want or need. There are basically two types of channel that can be followed for the distribution of products or the services. The first one in Indirect Distribution and another is convey Distribution. Among of two distribution channel, Direct distribution will be the best suited for the small business organizations. By adopting the direct distribution, the mediators in between the business and the customers can be eliminated and can save the further expenses.Small businesses are not relying on traditional marketing methods, where marketing was used to like work-of-mouth or just printed advertisement. The time has been changed now so instead of traditional marketing internet marketing are in existence today. Internet has become as an integral part for the shopping by the customers. It is very difficult to find the customers for small business just depending upon the traditional marketing. Through the internet the business can attract many of new customers and is even cost strong and even the customers can save their valuable time and money. It is also sight that the research activity output in E-Marketing had decreased significantly between 2003 and 2008 . The availability of i nformation about the products and 24 hours service can fracture the advantage to the small business as wellConclusionTo conclude, it is found that marketing is an important aspect for any kind of businesses whether it is small or big. The size of the business does not matter while adopting the marketing but the strategies of marketing plan may differ from one business to another. SWOT analysis or the use of Four Ps can be helpful for determining the specific marketing plan or for the marketing process. Whether it is segmenting market or the promotion strategies, for the small business there is the importance exists for satisfying the customers needs by providing the right product for right value. On the other hand, maintaining the relationship with customer is equally important to retain the customer within the business organization. It is not all over by only selling the product to the customers. Actually its the start of good relationship and the business opportunities from the p rofitable customers.

Formalism in Art and Design

pietism in Art and DesignWhen sentiment about sanctimoniousness there is a larger perceived belief in society about this nominal head there atomic number 18 some(prenominal) protestent types of sanctimoniousness present in civilization which includes dissimulation in law, science, and craft and material body etc. This essay leave direction on pietism in cunning and heading specific every last(predicate)(a)y and trusted moves get out be answered to make the subject dismiss what is sanctimoniousness? How does cant differ from other processes in art making? wherefore is this art movement so important to humans? What era and movement in art do we specific solelyy ascribe formalism to? This essay will besides include three pictures that subscribe notions of formalism and will be concisely discussed. Each of these questions will be examined and answered to clarify the concept of formalism to a person who is not familiar with this movement.FORMALISMWhat is form alism?M any lot believe that formalism only focuses on the form of an art naturalise or design which is not necessarily accurate because according to Wolf formalism is the balance of certain elements in a design or painting. formalism has a specific approach of art criticism and hypothesis to which all visual art has a fundamental importance. This importance is determined by the workmans ability to accomplish a visual swan and the balance of certain elements veritableity within a painting or image. These elements reality be the painting or image use of colour, line, composition and texture. No weigh how much artisanic technique and taste may transform over a period of time, formalism holds that these realities are constant (Wolf, 2009sp). There is a theory developed of formalism that the object can stand on its suffer ground on its construction significance according to Nelingburg that formalism is art for the sake of art (Nelingburg, 2011 sp).Platos Theory of formWhen l ooking at Platos Theory of Form, it is a theory that can be employ to economic aid with the understanding of formalism. The philosopher, Plato developed a Theory of Forms based on the proffer of eidos, which basically means stature or appearance. Plato applied the phrase broadly speaking in his diverse dialogues to propose a rudimentary general language. either earthly object a tangible object (like a chair) or abstract object (like human asset), has a mutual characteristic all of the objects convey form. Platos hypothesis is better understood when looking at his fiction of the Cave he visualises a cave which held captive prisoners who had never odd the cave, all the prisoners could see were workers shadows cast on the cave walls, and all they could witness were the voices echoing in the cave. This is all that the prisoners knew about the outside world, so they perceived the voices and shadows as actual forms of real objects and were absolutely unaware that the forms were vindicatory mimicries of the good things. Plato stated that the prisoners perception of objects was not false because of their understanding of the world by their understanding of the world, the shadows and echoes were the actual forms, just as a painting of a woman is as real, if not much real, than the actual woman who is pictured on the canvas. (Wolf, 2009sp). The people imagined to be trapped in the cave have no idea of what the world looks like, so by just seeing the shadows and hearing the noises, this is all they will ever experience from the outside world, this is what is real to them because they have not been exposed to anything else.How does formalism differ from other processes in art making?The starting point of formalism is deeply inherent in ancient thought, for they believed that the cosmos is ruled by numerical association, or in the concept of form as inelegant quality of things, impose upon or intrinsic and these ideas were applied to art (Williams, 2009 sp) . Formalists only concentrated on formal assets of whole kit of art and assume that these forms follow their get organic evolution (Hatt, Klonk, 2006 66). This shows the different believes that the formalist had about the art and how they applied this to the art process. One of the characteristics of formalism is that the artist was concerned with the manner of perception of the forms in the absence of any connotation. Kant proposes it that formalism refers to assets of seeing of objects (Crysler Cairns Heynen, 2012 sp). Where as in other movements is art much(prenominal) as Art Nuevo form was not that important, artists were more concerned with the decoration of the design and this was where mass production early(a) occurred. It is said that this era was the first time that modern civilisation used mechanism to construct designs (Wolf, 2009sp).Why is formalism important to design?As stated above (What is formalism) that formalism focus on the importance of rapprochement ele ments in a design, (Wolf, 2009 sp) this setting is applicable when looking at the design process of today, the use of elements will determine the principles which if the design achieves balance, it represents formalist characteristic. The theory of formalism states that it places emphasis on the design value this theory implies that the most essential aspect of a work of art or design is the successful arrangement of the elements through the principles of design (Kjeria, 2008 sp). harmonize to these points, if a design does not use the balance of elements, the design will not be successful and this is where formalism influenced the designing regularity of today.What era and movement is formalism ascribed to?It is claimed that within the early decades of 20th blow there was an apprehension for formal qualities known as the formalism movement, it has been seen as the characteristic of art criticism (Schechter, sa 261). The movement that formalism can be recognized to is modernism s ince much of the research done on formalism is connected with the modernism movement. The implement of artistic freedom became essential to forward modernism artists began to search for freedom not just from the rules of scholastic art, still from the demands of the community. Quickly it was claimed that art should not be made for the publics sake just now for arts sake. The term art for art sake is likewise used ( point of referenceed in previous paragraph) to describe modernism, this states that a call for discharge from the subjection of nub and intention. Witcombe declared it a developing modernists point of view, that the meaning of the creation was an additional implement of freedom. It is also said to be a plot, another(prenominal) intentional disrespect towards the middle class responsiveness which demanded art with meaning or it had some reason such as instruct or pleasure and usually to reflect in some way their own cogitate and purpose-full world (Witcombe, 1997 s p). This quote art for art sake is mention by Witcombe and Nelingburg, thus it may imply that there are penetrating similarities between formalism and modernism.Modernism vs. FormalismThe 20th century has focused its artistic awareness on modernised modernism to the extent that conforming modernism has been abandoned and derides as an art form. It is speculated that modernism art is expert completely within a closed formalist speciality, essentially detached from, not to be infected by the real world. In particular, abstraction, formalism could gain the advantages of the progressives, who used it in justification of modernism, which has been particularly open to criticism. In the early 20th century, formalism was also efficiently united with other objectives of progressive modernism, universalism (Witcombe, 1997 sp). It can be assumed that the formalist and modernist movements were infused with to each one other in order to be seen as an art movement they both needed each other to have subsisted.Formalist artworksDare twoIn this artwork the artist used several elements to create a balance in the composition, which is what formalism portrays the artist commemorates the new direction in geometrical abstraction and phantasmal associations. The other element used in this piece was colour, it has reflection towards movements such as Neo Geo and formalism gives way to underlining perceptive progression and the sport of art making (2012 sp). Repetition is also seen in the art by repeating the colours, line and forms, this principle creates a unifying feature to the art as whole. By using some of the elements and principles in a reconciliation method the viewer can distinguish that it has a formalized value. According to Dictionary.com, the definition of abstract is thought of apart from concrete realities, specific objects, or actual instances, this artwork also has these qualities of abstract art which can also be sort out as abstract formalism.UntitledFor Joel Shapiro (the artist) form is the most important characteristic of this untitled sculpt, according to Nelingburg, form was essential to the artist because emphasise of the sculpture is based on its physical structure and form, the sculpture relies on abstraction. There is a lot of awareness brought on the figures based on the materials that were used and the colours that make them, but the main focus is the shape and what they symbolize since it portrays the human body (Nelingburg, 2011sp). By looking at the characteristics of the figure, it can be assumed that the artist successfully used the elements that are present in the model in an equal way, but in this case the form was the most important element present because it is a sculpture. As stated above (what is formalism), according to Nelingburg, there is a assurance developed that an artwork can stand on its own creative activity based on aesthetic values, when specifically looking at formalistic sculptures (2011 sp).Frie ndly FormalismS. Stratton and J. M. Ward, art critics express that Ps Qs as tender formalism, the artwork flirts with the rigidity of the 20th century formalism, but gives it a live 21th century twist. This artwork is described as playful, which is definitely far more cherished and forthcoming than the canonical mid-century artworks that are connected with the formalist philosopher Clement Greenbergs theories works of art are colourful, relish their acquisitiveness, and opposed to the hard-edged perfectionism have a zest to be associated with Piet Mondrian and Le Corbusiers designs (Pittman, 2010sp). By looking at these aspects mentioned by Stratton and Ward, it is clear that this painting unquestionably has formalism virtues, because of the elements used such as colour, line, forms which creates the principles that are associated with the painting. The main element used there was the forms that are presented and the cold colours, all of these characteristics declared that this artwork represents formalism. This artwork can also be classified as abstract formalism because the main idea of the piece is left to the imagination.ConclusionFormalism was a movement that wanted to create artworks just because of arts sake it was about the artistic skill of how the artists balance certain elements in the art to accomplish balance. The movement can also be redefined by Platos theory, so that it can be understood when not envious the concept of formalism as a movement. Formalism has its own characteristics and so does many other art movements, which is why formalism is unique and uses its own art development when creating a design or artwork by using certain elements and using them equally to accomplish balance. By subtle what the characteristics of formalism are, it is easy to see why formalism had such a great impact on current designs and artworks. Although formalism was present in the early 20th century and was mostly connected with modernism, these aspects of formalism and steady modernism is still seen in designs and artworks of the modern day. Especially the artworks mentioned in this essay, all three of these paintings and the sculpture are works of art that were created in the 21th century, all of the pieces have formalist qualities and characteristics even though they were not produced too long ago. Formalism is a delicate movement since it is complicated generates an artwork by balancing the elements equally and producing a piece that stands for art for the sake of art. Each question that was mentioned in the introduction was acknowledged and discussed in this essay, the questions of formalism became obvious to the contributor therefore knowing what formalism entails.

MRO Activities in Aviation Industry

MRO Activities in zephyr Indus striveDefinitionsMRO nourishment, cleanse and overhaul composition.OEM Aircraft master copy equipment producers. Such as Airbus, Boeing, Bombardier Embraer and former(a)s.Airworthiness Authorities Regulate exclusively aspects of civilised aviation. These let in the construction and operation of airports, the man growment of air traffic, the certification of personnel and aircraft. on that point argon deuce main organizations, the Federal zephyr Administration (FAA) of the join States of America and the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA).Airworthiness FAA Part 3 defines Airworthy as, the aircraft conforms to its symbol design and is in a condition for guard evasion. A to a greater extent generic and non- adjoin oriented definition is ask. Airworthiness is defined in JSP553 Military Airworthiness Regulations (2006) Edition 1 Change 5 as The index of an aircraft or other airborne equipment or system to operate with extinct evidential h azard to aircrew, ground crew, passengers (where pertinent) or to the general public over which much(prenominal)(prenominal) airborne systems atomic number 18 black marketn.Mother airline In MRO aviation welkin mother airline is the core airline from with the MRO unit segregates, for instance British Airways is the mother airline of British Airways railway locomotiveering.Virtual airline Is an airline that has outsourced as many viable usable and rail line functions as it so-and-so, but up to now maintains effective control of its core business.Line keep Usually carried out at or near the aircraft dock or parking. The level of dis-assembly is ordinarily limited to what can be reassembled and restored inwardly a short boundary in order to allow the continuous aircraft operation. A limiting part is usually the level of Ground Support Equipment and the scope of the re fantasys pass wateres to the A-Check.Heavy Maintenance The mayor level of criminal maintenance with c apabilities of disassembling, inspecting, fixing, refurbishment, overhaul and restoration. It is usually carried out into special installations called Hangars with and extensive source of facilities, tools and equipment. The scope of the revisions in this kind of maintenance is centralise in C-Checks and in mayor structural repairs and inspections.Engine Overhaul Comprises of the all in all disassembly of an engine. The overhaul facility inspects the engine, repairs it as incumbent, reassembles, tests, clean and approves it for return to benefit deep down the fits and limits specified by the manufacturers overhaul data (Lee et al, 2008). This kind of maintenance film to be done in a precise special installations approved by the engine manufacturer.Component Maintenance Reparation of aircraft components is pretty different from a complete overhaul, as the workshop needs to incur the cause of a given defect, correct that defect, perform bench tests and drop the component back to service. Very specific workshops needed for different components such as Radio transceivers, Hydraulic valves, batteries, passengers seats, etc.Modifications This kind of maintenance is performed in order a manufacturer option or an authority requirement. During the manufacturing handle of an aircraft, improvements have been implemented over time, for early versions, these improvements can be make later in the form of modification, on the other hand civil aviation authorities generates Airworthiness coordinateives (AD) of mandatory compliance to the aircraft operators , that needs specific modifications. portalMaintenance, repair and overhaul in the aeronautical sector is a implicate procedure that has strict and particular requirements defined by airworthiness authorities to tell the safety of passengers and aircrew. MRO could be defined such all actions that have the neutral of retaining or restoring an item in or to a state in which it can be perform its required fu nction. (Vieira, Loures, 2016).The aviation MRO engineering could be defined such the arm of the aviation industry responsible for the retaining or restoring aircraft part to a state in which they can perform the required design applications (Al-kaabi, Potter et al. 2007). Chang and Abdullah (2014) states that the business mould of the MRO is a combination of proficient capacity and logistic configuration counting the level of bring home the bacon mountain range vertical integration and outsourcing practices. Chris Markou (2015) estimates the maintenance make up for an airline is 17% of the operational hail.MRO Activities and ModelsAl-kaabi, Potter et al (2007) study assesses the decision- do care for of an airline when deciding on the outsourcing of maintenance services, the study define three different microscope stagesThe first phase corresponds to the activities developed by the MRO, in this section the critical activities of the organization that ar included (figure 1).The second phase deals with the study of contract based on a series of entries that allow for take into account the logistical complexity, the age of the fleet and its use, among others. The MRO have to concentrate on on the actual market and need to develop a plan strategy for short, medium and coherent term.The ternary phase addresses the study of capacity and the true need to outsource victorious into account the MRO cost, that include maintenance resources such hangar space, adapted equipment , qualified manpower and the dispatch reliability related with cracking delays.During 2014 Global grocery store of MRO spends was value at %62.1 billion, excluding overheads, with a 3.8% increase per annum, the market size is estimated to reach $90 billion in 2024 (Chris MARKOU, 2015). The following graph represents the distribution of cost among MRO activities for the year 2014.Al-kaabi, Potter et al (2007) states that accord with the critical activities of an MRO and the l evel of outsourcing developed, a MRO could be categorized in different prototypesFully inter affiliated MRO Where all MRO activities be generated and performed internally and in addition the MRO can deliver other airlines different to the mother airline generating external revenues.Partially Outsourced MRO Where airlines try to maintains most of their MRO activities internally but some are externalised, for example the outsourcing of the Engine Maintenance.Mostly Outsourced MRO Where only critical activities are performed internally for instance, generally airlines examine Line maintenance such a critical activity for the likeness with the punctuality, for this reason is maintained such as in house activity. exclusively outsourced MRO Where all activities are outsourced, it is similar to the Virtual airline model and it is extremely extended across the new Low-Cost airlines that can non afford the initial investment funds to create their own MRO.The following table represents an SWOT evaluation performed by Al-kaabi, Potter et al (2007) of the difference structure models.This variety of organizational models in which certain critical activities are externalized requires a maximum level of coordination between the actors involved, as well as within the organization itself. One of the conduct issues in aviation industry today is how culture is managed and retained in an organization (Flouris, Oswald 2006).Regarding to the operational aspect of the MRO activities Vieira and Loures (2016) states that the maintenance could beScheduled Maintenance defined as an anticipatory action to turn back that a point of intersection works properly at pre-defined intervals. The intervals can be defined in terms of hours of operation, number of flights or flight cycles. (Figure 5).Unscheduled Maintenance Defined as not planned or programmed is performed when an unexpected component ill occurs.Actual MRO Scenario in aviation industryAviation MRO activities cannot be on the dot defined solely within manufacturing or service term alone, effrontery that it is a product of both (Ayeni, Ball et al. 2016). The form are rattling complex, each component needs to be certified by the competent airworthiness institution which define severe requirements to guarantee safety (Vieira, Loures ,2016).Due to the full(prenominal) quality requirements, there is a very small number of true companies to serve move and services in the sector, this fact generates limitation in the options available when a MRO or manufacturer has to select the provider, creating a need of influence to discuss commercial conditions.It can be highlighted four stakeholders in the service issue of an aviation MRO Subtier/Supplier, Aircraft OEMs, Aircraft MRO and Customer. The hunt model used by OEMs provides for key suppliers working as system integrator, this means in equality with other sectors aircraft OEMs have very few suppliers approximately 50. The production split is ve ry standard and similar compared with other industrial sector, OEMs submit a purchasing order with the system supplier and making and respect a commercial agreement the part is delivered. The complexity increases with spare part collectable to the logistic and regulatory framework. Customers can purchase orders to the rest of the stakeholders always depending of the type of structure and also can request the MRO services.In order to oblige a complete an actual vision of the MRO sector, the following table shows the go along 10 aviation MROs ordered by the number of airframe maintenance hours during 2014. (AWST, 2015)MRO ProceduresLifecyclesdeuce main give ears can be identified within an MRO Aviation (CHANG, Abdullah 2014)The corporal flow Is the aircraft maintenance military operation which comprises professional methodology, material, machine, manpower and environment.The nurture flow Defined as the company management process which comprises the cycle of P-D-C-A (Plan-DO-Ch eck-Action) that includes functions of demand integration and material logistic.These flows have to be probed through the lifecycle of the different components of the Aviation MRO activityThe preliminary plots show a generic lifecycle for the different elements with which MROs work, they are legal regardless of the level of outsourcing that the organization has, because it is the complete cycle, which would vary the organization that would perform the project in case they were outsourced.Many common characteristics can be seen in the different cycles, such as logistics for the receipt and spoken language of the product, personnel and tooling distributions, living and various net tests. During the development of the phases, the physical flow and the culture flow must be taken care of equally.Is very important visualize the wide intricacy of the MRO organization management (Bierer, Gtze et al. 2016).The both types of flow mentioned above are then analyzed further in enlarge Physical flowRegarding the physical flow, the maintenance process does not vary significantly with the product to be treated within the 3 life cycles oldly exposed. Chang and Abdullah (2014) divides the aircraft maintenance process in 8 partsReview Flight history Make a review of previous maintenance actions and evaluate the current status.Determine Maintenance Items Following manufacturer requirements and documentation, perform an engineering evaluation and determine the maintenance items.Receiving Process harmonize the aircraft from customer and perform the maintenance previous set-up.Disassembly Gain admission fee to the maintenance item.Inspection and testing perpetrate the evaluations and approved test to ensure the state of the maintenance item.Assembly Substitute and assembly the relative parts of the maintenance item, including de aces panel to the maintenance item area.Functional test Perform a functional test of the maintenance item.Flight test In some maintenance acti on could be necessary a flight test to ensure achieve the original performance requirement according to the regulatory framework.Figure 12 General Maintenance Process of Aircraft flow shop. initiation (CHANG, Abdullah 2014)It can be seen the easy allocation of the parts to the previous discussed lifecycle in Figure 8. The complexity and the resources used in the maintenance task may vary, provided the process remains essentially unchanged.Information fluxThe information flow is the company management process, Chang and Abdullah (2014) argues that is composed by twain major functionsDemand integration Divided in three stages words schedule Where is necessary the management of customers orders taking into account the delivery date, aircraft model and requirements, this stage makes the link with the investment and business plan.Rough-cut capacity flip the information and the overall demand, during this stage the rough-cut capacity for midterm and long term is computed.Material req uirement planning (MRP) In this stage inputs are receive from engineering evaluation (Bill of material), current inventory and current capacity, subsequently the pertinent evaluation the detail production schedule is generated.Material logistic Divided in three stagesDetail production schedule Generated in the MRP phase, it is based in the feasibility of the production schedule, taking into account the conk out time of the details parts, outsourcing level, procurements and resources.Shop floor control This phase monitor lizard the progress and daily performance in order to achieve the targets of the detail production schedule.Delivery After the maintenance task and checks, all the documentation and quality records should be prepared for reviewing and approval.In this section it is necessary to dissever information from intimacy. The information is the raw content of the metric being used, Gunasekaran, Patel et al (2001) use some of the following metrics in the aircraft maintena nce process Documents rejected, Defects at final inspections, Rework, Tool bag audit among others. knowledge however is formed through the analysis and study of information, and gives a real vision of the state of the process as well as the achievement of objectives. satisfying knowledge construction and application involves information to be accessible and relevant moment and relevant situation (Iyengar, Dharwada et al.).One of the most important factors in the Aviation industry is how information is managed and retained in the organization. The concept of Knowledge Management in an organization is supply managers to with all the tools and knowledge necessary for decision making. Knowledge should be made available to the correct passel at the correct time, and it must be sheltered so that this knowledge does not leave the organization. (Flouris, Oswald 2006).Bierer, Gtze et al (2016) indicates that the knowledge management is necessary to run a successful generation and correct handling of knowledge, they also punctuate the tendency of MROs to outsource services by aggravating the problem of making knowledge accessible within the company.Little literature exits on information management of the data obtained from various aircraft maintenance process which have commit consequence on the safety of the aircraft. (Iyengar, Dharwada et al. ). Nonetheless, in the publication the authors describe the power structure through different levels of the maintenance environmentSenior managers refers to the higher managers who reviews all the maintenance activities.Manager refers to the individual who reviews and report all the maintenance activities to the sr. manager.Airline representative refers to the individual who performs day-to-day surveillance at the trafficker location.Vendor refers to the independent maintenance operator who performs maintenance operations on the aircraft.Human resourcesOne of the most critical and most important components within the physi cal and information flows within an MRO is the human component, two main types are mainly involved in the whole process (CHANG, Abdullah 2014).Engineer The role is related with planning, certification liaison, and regulation, specifications to maintain the reliability, relations with financial departments and provide technical and analytical support.Technician The qualified technician cover three main categories structure repair, avionics and mechanical. The technicians are the main component of the manpower and they performed the designed maintenance task accourding to the valid regulation..Mapping information flows is a process for analysing how information is transferred between two points inside an organization (Hibberd, Evatt 2004). There are two types of information flows Direct information and indirect information, companies have for a long time try to optimize and improve the physical material flow within the supply chain but is needed also improve the information which is connected to the physical flow (Chibba, Rundquist 2004).Figure 17 The physical material flow and the information flow covering two different Approaches(Indirect and direct information). Source (Chibba, Rundquist 2004).Hibberd and Evatt (2004) indicates some benefits of mapping informationEnables the understanding of who is the user of information and how is used.It identifies the final client or key stakeholder for various types of information services.Help to focus information services where more necessaries are.StepsThey also pinpoints a process of five steps to perform the information flow mapping quarter current situation They suggest a hierarchical chart showing the mission, goals and objectives of an organization, in addition it is also exposed the interaction with various business units and how these units support these goals.Describe potential clients Identification of potential clients in other business units. Determining the organizational goals and objectives of each u nit and identify what information may need.Map potential clients Listing the units, needs and resources help to analyse the potential overlap areas, the current clients maps is completed with the potential clients information. The map should be completed with suggestions and reallocation of resources, products and services.Rank solutions for prioritization Make a classification of the possible solutionsLow encounter Organizations is not making a mission-critical decision.Moderate riskiness Organizational activity involves a complete department and its budget.High Risk Organizations is making a mission-critical decision.Create an Information map Mapping the final solution to show each department and the suggestions for their information, the information map will require updating to continue its function.Chibba and Rundquist (2004) argues that a data flow diagram (DFD) could be used to map typical supply chain information flows the article present difference commercial solutions for DFD creation and the characteristics for a processIs necessary a supplier that contribute with some measurable entity into the process.The process comprises a number of activities that convert the object in a more valuable object.The process should have well defined start and concrete ending.The process should be regularly iterated.The process should use the organization resources.Is good for organization to work with a process model that all the element could understand, they should know how their process are connected, the hierarchy, hat resources are critical to the clients.ReferencesAL-KAABI, H., POTTER, A. and NAIM, M., 2007. Insights into the maintenance, repair and overhaul configurations of European airlines. Journal of Air Transportation, 12(2), pp. 27.AL-KAABI, H., POTTER, A. and NAIM, M (2007) An outsourcing decision model for airlines MRO activities, Journal of look in Maintenance Engineering, 13(3), pp. 217-227.AYENI, P., BALL, P. and BAINES, T., 2016. Towards the st rategic adoption of disputation in Aviation Maintenance Repair and Overhaul (MRO) industry An observational study into the industrys status. Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, , pp. 38-61.AWST. 2015. Aviation Week Announces Top 10 Airframe MRO Providers Biennial survey examines MRO developments, 2014 airframe maintenance hours and revenue. Aviation Week and Space Technology, MRO Edition, Aviation Week Ranks. May 2015.BIERER, A., GTZE, U., KHLER, S. and LINDNER, R., 2016. Control and Evaluation Concept for Smart MRO Approaches. Procedia CIRP, 40, pp. 700-705.CHANG, H.M. and ABDULLAH, K., 2014. The action Management Model of Aircraft Maintenance, Repair and Overhaul (MRO) Business. International Journal of Trends in Economics Management Technology (IJTEMT), 3(3),CHIBBA, A. and RUNDQUIST, J., 2004. Mapping flows-an analysis of the information flows within the integrated supply chain.Chris MARKOU Assistant Director, IATA Operations, MRO, December 2015 Airline maintenanc e cost executive commentary public mctf An Exclusive Benchmark Analysis (FY2014 data) by IATAs Maintenance Cost Task Force.FLOURIS, T.G. and OSWALD, S.L., 2006. Designing and executing strategy in aviation management. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.HIBBERD, B.J. and EVATT, A., 2004. Mapping information flows a practical guide. Information Management, 38(1), pp. 58.IYENGAR, N., DHARWADA, P., KAPOOR, K., GRAMOPADHYE, A. and GREENSTEIN, J., discipline OF A KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM TO REDUCE ERRORS IN breeze MAINTENANCE.M. TAAFFE, K., WILLIAM ALLEN, R. and GRIGG, L., 2014. Performance metrics analysis for aircraft maintenance process control. Journal of Quality in Maintenance Engineering, 20(2), pp. 122-134.SAHAY, A., 2012. Leveraging information technology for optimal aircraft maintenance, repair and overhaul (MRO). Elsevier.VIEIRA, D.R. and LOURES, P.L., 2016, Maintenance, Repair and Overhaul (MRO) Fundamentals and Strategies An Aeronautical Industry Overview.

Criminology Research Methods

Criminology Research MethodsUsing examples from published query, scathingly consider that way that option of need human body might influence enquiry findings and conclusions.A choose build is a fundamental component of any piece of research, providing a structure within which to implement a suit competent methodology for the accumulation and analysis of information and info. The choice of reckon design employed in criminological research leave inevitably influence the findings and conclusions drawn, which whitethorn later on be used to shape the direction of future policies and encumbrances within the battleground of criminal legal expert. This is particularly the case in relation to home(prenominal) help violence, which remains a accessiblely and politically contested area with regards to the extent to which it merits and requires criminalisation. I then intend, with reference to published research, to critically examine how choice of poll design whitethorn yi eld different findings and contributions to contemporary understandings of domestic violence. before considering the various types of study design, it is necessary to can a brief grade of the nature and reflexion of domestic violence. Academics elevatedlight that it is a distinct phenomenon from early(a) forms of conventional violence, often characterised by a series of ongoing ruby episodes as unconnected to one discrete event and a emblematic reluctance on the part of victims to recognise and voice their victimisation (Mirrlees-Black, 1999). criminological research in this area has assumed heightened importance in new-made years payable to shifts in Government policy towards criminalisation1. It is therefore vital that any research in this area necessitates an appreciation of the settingual circumstances within which perpetrators and victims operate.A number of study designs are for sale for the purposes of criminological research, the primary distinction existing bet ween selective information-based and non-experimental designs which implicate randomise control trials, quasi-experiments, cross-sectional and longitudinal designs as well as ethnographic studies. The choice of design will affect the strength of twain the inner(a)2and external3 robustness of the findings and conclusions. Bryman nones that the study design chosen reflects a decision about the priority beingness given to an array of dimensions. These include articulating causal connections, generalising the findings, understanding behaviour in a specific context and having a temporal awareness of social phenomena (200835). In addition, certain designs may lend themselves more easily to quantitative or qualitative data, which may impact upon a researchers choice of design given the fundamentally assorted characteristics of two.4The neat experimental design is often referred to as the gold measuring rod (Bryman, 200838), despite being rarely employed in criminological resear ch (Wesiburd, 2000181) due to its potential to yield findings with strong internal robustness, particularly if randomised control trials are employed. The experimental design involves the manipulation of the independent inconsistent in rear to elicit regeneration in the dependent variable, a classic example being Bushmans (1995) investigation into the impact of violent films on those pre-disposed to aggression. In randomly assigning subjects to control and experimental concourses, he was able to control for rival causal factors, resulting in findings with strong internal validity. sure experiments may be either laboratory experiments5or field experiments6, although it keister be argued that conclusions drawn from laboratory experiments may not have the same(p) level of generalisation due to their artificial setting. However, it is argued that it is the abstractive principles that are being generalised, not the specific characteristics of the sample, setting or measure (Ander son and Bushman, 199722).The experimental design was utilised by Sherman (1984) in investigating the specific deterrent cause of turn around on perpetrators of domestic violence, whereby three types of guard response (arrest, mediation ad separation) were randomly assigned to legally eligible cases. The dependent variable, in this case recidivism, was measured over the course of 6months following legal philosophy intervention using both official data and victim reports. The studys conclusion, that swift imposition of a sanction of temporary incarceration may deter male person offenders in domestic violence cases (Sherman, 1984270), is often cited in support of mandatory arrest policies. However, given that experimental designs are notorious for their weaker external validity7, it is questionable whether Shermans findings lend themselves to such(prenominal) a sweeping generalisation. Indeed, follow up studies in other US cities revealed more mixed results, with some originat or that arrest had negative personal set up for victims (Garner et al. 1995).The findings and conclusions by Sherman have been attacked on a number of grounds. Dobash contends that the experiments were designed and carried out with little knowledge of existing and theoretical positions regarding violence a conglomeratest women (2000254). Indeed, it can be argued that the bring outure to appreciate the possibility that the reason the arrest of perpetrators resulted in less(prenominal)er recidivism was not due to its deterrent effects but a result of the victim failing to call the police again or to report their victimisation to interviewers due to fear of a repeated retaliation by the perpetrator that might have followed the initial arrest. This is particularly since qualitative studies have revealed the extent to which victims reluctance to involve the police are a direct product of their fear that an arrest will lead to an escalation of the violence (Felson et al.2002). In additi on, Fagan highlights that the short follow-up period of 6months failed to adopt into account the episodic and cyclical patterns of family violence (1989382). It therefore appears that Shermans pre-occupation with experimental form, in this case a randomised control experiment, precluded a proper consideration of the nature and contextual characteristics of domestic violence.A variation of the true experimental design is the quasi-experiment, commonly employed in the evaluation of criminal justice interventions due to the ethical difficulties associated with random assignment. such experiments have been used to research the effect of rape law reforms on the number of rapes reported to the police.8However, due to the absence of random assignment, such a design may not yield findings that are considered as strong in terms of their internal validity due to the lack of control over intervening causal variables.The Violent Men Study (Dobash, 2000) employed a non-equivalent control grou p design to evaluate the impact of different criminal justice sanctions on domestic violence, involving the matching of subjects within the different groups. The qualitative data revealed oft higher rates of re-offending than the quantitative arrest records portrayed, leading the authors to remark that these arrant(a) differences cast grave doubt on the veracity of criminal justice statistics as indicators of the levels of violence or of the effectiveness of interventions (Dobash, 2000267). In addition, in furrow to the experimental study of arrest that merely speculated the reasons for reduced levels of recidivism following arrest (Sherman, 1984), the Violent Men Study was able to contribute to an understanding of both how and why certain interventions could lead to a cessation of violence (Dobash, 2000). Such findings were arguably facilitated by the fact that the study design was more attuned to the context and dynamics of domestic violence, such as the fact that it was longit udinal in nature, tracing victims experiences and perpetrators criminal involvement over a period of 12months at regular intervals and drawing a comparison between the two sets of data9. The advantages associated with this design have led to a replication of it in ulterior research.10An example of a non-experimental study design is the cross-sectional, involving the collection of information and data relating to a designated phenomenon at a particular instance in time. A classic example is the investigation of the effects of visible public and social order on evolving crime rates in Chicago (Sampson and Raudenbush, 2001). However, the problems associated with such a design relate to both the internal validity and the ambiguity of the direction of causality, which may therefore significantly influence any conclusions drawn, as was the case in the Chicago study which could not establish whether the high crime rates resulted before or after a variation in social control (Bachman and Schutt, 2007154).A study by Hoyle and Sanders (2000) of victims within Thames Valley police force areas utilised a cross-sectional non-experimental design to investigate victims perceptions of the value of various criminal justice interventions. The non-experimental dimension facilitated a more in-depth exploration of victims experiences and beliefs and a deeper contextual understanding of the nature and effects of domestic violence, with the authors highlighting that the more powerful the controlling behaviour of their partners, the less likely it is women will seek to involve the criminal justice trunk (200021).However, a significant drawback of the cross-sectional design is that it results in findings that inevitably fail to capture the recurring and ongoing nature of domestic violence. By contrast, a longitudinal design, involves the collection of information and data at several points in time, which can also resolve any ambiguity concerning the direction of causal influence. Thus, academics assert that the value of longitudinal data is so great that every effort should be made to develop longitudinal research designs when enamour (Bachman and Schutt, 2007155).A study by Sullivan and Bybee (2004) interviewed 278 women, who has just left a domestic violence shelter, at various intervals for three years. By collecting and analysing data over a substantial period of time, the study was able to provide a greater understanding of the unique flight of stairs of domestic violence. However, the problem of attrition is particularly salient for longitudinal designs, with Bachman and Schutt highlighting that those in superlative need are often the most likely to drop-out (2007159). This has obvious implications for the validity of findings, since a drop-out of the most domestically victimised subjects could mask the extent and earnestness of domestic violence.An interesting study design that is rarely employed, but could nonetheless provide a valuable insight in to the phenomenon of domestic violence, relates to ethnography. The purpose of which is to account more in-depth at the mechanisms underlying a social process and to gain an insight into the interpretations and perceptions of actors (Crow and Semmens, 200837). Such an approach was taken by Websdale, who provided a critical ethnography of how rural patriarchy shapes the perpetration and policing of domestic violence (Adelman, 2004135). Although such findings and conclusions cannot obviously be generalised, ethnographic designs serve to reveal important dilate about the experiences of particular sub-groups of the population, which may not be adequately reflected in the findings of more conventional study designs.In conclusion, it is apparent that choice of study design in criminological research can have a marked influence on the findings and conclusions drawn. In relation to domestic violence, whilst it appears that true experiments yield results with the strongest internal validit y, they nevertheless fail to account for the dynamic processes in operation(p) which trigger the variation in the dependent variable. The context-specific approach taken by other designs may have the potential to fill this gap by affording a greater emphasis on process as opposed to outcome. In addition, longitudinal designs are vital in capturing the intrinsic trajectory nature of domestic violence which is often ignored by cross-sectional designs. However, it is apparent that a deeper and proper understanding of domestic violence, in order to implement effective policies, necessitates the exploitation of the various strengths of both experimental and non-experimental study designs. To conclude otherwise would be to ignore the inherent nature of domestic violence and to relegate it to the status of any ordinary violent crime, from which it is all the way distinct.Word Count 1992

Solving the Mystery in Doyles The Hound of the Baskervilles Essays

Solving the Mystery in Doyles The describe of the Baskervilles private detective Holmes deduced what was genuinely going on by noting the failure of a drop back to bark - thus identifying his master and therefore the murderer in The Hound of the Baskervilles, by Arthur Conan Doyle. Deductive reasoning involves reasoning in which you go from frequent to specific instances, by using known facts and eliminating improbable situations, and unlikely suspects. By sending Dr. Watson separately from himself, and going to Baskerville Hall in secret, Holmes is able to deposit two different viewpoints of the situation there, and then later exchange opinions and education with his partner. Watson is at first suspicious of Mr. and Mrs. Barrymore. He hears Mrs. Barrymore sobbing at nights, which puzzles him. one(a) night while Watson and Sir Henry were in the Hall, they observed Mr. Barrymore sending signals done a window using a candle. After extensive mocking Mr. Barrymore and his wife reveal that recently escaped Notting Hill Criminal is really Mrs. Barrymores brother, Seld...

Should the U.S. Subsidize Public Grazing? Essay -- Farming Agricultur

Should the U.S. Subsidize Public graze? Public feed has sparked discrepancy ever since the first base cattlemen came west. Whether the criticism came from fellow ranchers and homesteaders, or from the politics and environmentalists, there have always been problems with the use of ordinary resources. The United States should subsidise grazing on public lands. Opponents to subsidized grazing cite the sparing and environmental benefits that would emerge if the grazing was to be greatly reduced or stopped. However, proponents of subsidized public grazing cite equally important benefits favoring the continuation of the program. The benefits of subsidized grazing extend beyond the rancher that holds the permit. Subsidized grazing occurs when the political relation leases public land to a rancher for the purpose of grazing. The grazing fee on the land is usually lower than comparable private land fees. The first public grazing in the United States was created by the Forest gain thr ough the Timberland Reserve program in 1891 (Thomas 1994). Grazing fees were non charged until 1906 (The depository of Agriculture & Secretary of The indoor 1986). In 1934, the Taylor Grazing Act was created to establish control over grazing on public lands. The Independent Agencies Appropriations Act of 1952 stated that the grazing fees needed to be self-sustaining, uniform, and average and equitable to the public and user. (The Secretary of Agriculture & Secretary of The Interior 1986) The conception of fair to both the public and the user is where the public grazing disagreement begins. Opponents to the public grazing program insist that the program is ineffective, a ache of money, detrimental to the land, and does not benefit enough of the public. ... ...ign. (2006, October 26). www.publiclandsranching.org Sparshott, J. (2003, December 8). Agricultural subsidies targeted. The upper-case letter Times. Retrieved October 26, 2006, from http//www.washtimes.com/business/20031 207-114046-8545r.htm The Beckoning (1997, February 24). The Debate of Western Ranching Economics. Retrieved October 26, 2006, from http//www.thebeckoning.com/environment/cattle/economic.html The Secretary of Agriculture & The Secretary of The Interior. (1986). Grazing Fee Review and Evaluation final exam Report 1979-1985. Department of Agriculture Forest Service & Department of Interior Bureau of Land Management. 77. Thomas, H. S. (1994). History of public land grazing. Rangelands, 16(6), 250-255. Wikipedia (2006, October 24). Agricultural allowance Wikipedia. Retrieved October 26, 2006, from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_subsidy

I Am a Survivor :: Law College Admissions Essays

I Am a Survivor I grew up the youngest in a family of five. My incur and dumbfound divorced when I was a few months old. My become struggled to get into care of five young children on her own. Because her parents died when she was a comminuted girl, she neer considered giving us up for adoption or to relatives. My vivid father neer kept in touch with us. He never helped my receive care for us and so I never knew him and direct no recollection of him. My bring tried her best to ensure we had a reliable family life by marrying twice after her divorce from my earthy father, notwithstanding neither man in her life served as a spot model for my three older chums. My brothers suffered the most from the breakup of my parents spousals and my fathers abandonment of his parental duties. All three have ruined their lives by dint of medicine abuse and crime. My oldest brother lives from day to day without any believe and with the continual internal battle against a drug addiction, which he a lot loses. My plunk for oldest brother has been in and out of state mental institutions for oer cardinal years. He is forty-two years old and is schizophrenic. My third oldest brother is somewhere in New York City, and he doesnt want to be found. He calls my scram from time to time to let her know that hes alive. I blabber just about my brothers first because even though they had problems growing up, they managed to protect and cherish me from their troubles. They make me believe in fairy tales and tried to shield me from the unworthy macrocosm of the world. It was because I lived a childs fairy tale life that I would subsequent learn that fairy tales dont come true. I would learn to struggle, suffer, and survive. When I was eighteen years old my mother moved away and odd me in New York City with my friends to attend college. I guess my mother panorama I would easily succeed and become the first college alumnus in our family and I would easily learn to be responsible and independent. She essential alike have assumed that because I had never struggled for anything, I would be very well and I would doubtless succeed in becoming a lawyer.I Am a Survivor Law College Admissions Essays I Am a Survivor I grew up the youngest in a family of five. My mother and father divorced when I was a few months old. My mother struggled to take care of five young children on her own. Because her parents died when she was a little girl, she never considered giving us up for adoption or to relatives. My natural father never kept in touch with us. He never helped my mother care for us and so I never knew him and have no recollection of him. My mother tried her best to ensure we had a good family life by marrying twice after her divorce from my natural father, but neither man in her life served as a role model for my three older brothers. My brothers suffered the most from the breakup of my parents marriage and my fathers abandonment of his parental duties. All three have ruined their lives through drug abuse and crime. My oldest brother lives from day to day without any hope and with the constant internal battle against a drug addiction, which he often loses. My second oldest brother has been in and out of state mental institutions for over fifteen years. He is forty-two years old and is schizophrenic. My third oldest brother is somewhere in New York City, and he doesnt want to be found. He calls my mother from time to time to let her know that hes alive. I talk about my brothers first because even though they had problems growing up, they managed to protect and shelter me from their troubles. They made me believe in fairy tales and tried to shield me from the ugly reality of the world. It was because I lived a childs fairy tale life that I would later learn that fairy tales dont come true. I would learn to struggle, suffer, and survive. When I was eighteen years old my mother moved away and left me in New Yor k City with my friends to attend college. I guess my mother thought I would easily succeed and become the first college graduate in our family and I would easily learn to be responsible and independent. She must also have assumed that because I had never struggled for anything, I would be okay and I would doubtless succeed in becoming a lawyer.

Tropical Rain Forest Soils of La Selva Essay -- Ecology Wildlife Natur

equatorial Rain Forest Soils of La SelvaTropical rain forests across the globe are currently threatened by massive deforestation for logging, grazing, and cultivation (Otzen 1993). Such land-use practices alter temperature regimes (Fernandes and Sanford 1995) as salutary as ground, kingdom, and surface water, flora, fauna, and microorganisms (Otzen 1993). These changes whitethorn result in a outlet of soil constitutive(a) matter, a decrease in soil fruitfulness (Garcia-Oliva et al. 1994, Tissen et al. 1994), severe soil erosion (Otzen 1993), and changes in soil structure and chemical science (Fernandes and Sanford 1995, Sollins et al. 1995, Montgagnini and Sancho 1994.) The response of tropical rain forest soils to deforestation depends upon the specific properties of the soils as well as the type of use they are subject to. La Selva Biological Station, located in north-central Costa Rica and containing a mixture of pasture, second growth, and intact forest, provides an excell ent opportunity to study the do of deforestation on examples of three soil orders--Entisols, Inceptisols, and Ultisols. Although limited studies have been conducted on the impact of deforestation on soils in this area, a knowledge of their properties may help predict the nature of the changes that would occur due to deforestation. Such changes provide determine whether or not rejuvenation of the rain forest is possible. altogether soils at La Selva are derived from volcanic parent corporeal. This material came primarily from eroded lava flows, although some material was carried in lahars. At higher(prenominal) elevations, soil parent material consists of lava weathered in place. Both alluvial and colluvial deposits cover the lower elevations, however, which include river terraces of various ages. Mos... ...s Biogeochemistry (Dordrecht) 6 181-89. Sollins P., Sancho, Freddy, Mata, Rafael, Sanford, Robert L. Jr., 1994, Soils and soil put to work research, pages 34-53 in McDade, L . A. K.S. Bawa H.A. Hespenheide and G.S. Hartshorn (eds.), La Selva ecology and Natural History of a Neotropical Rain Forest Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 486 p.Tidall, J.M. and J.M. Oades, 1982, Organic matter and water-stable aggregates in soil Journal of Soil Science 33 141-63. Tissen, H., E. Cuevas, P. Chacon. 1994. The role of soil organic matter in sustaining soil fertility. Nature 371 783-785.Uehara, G. and G. Gillman, 1981, The Mineralogy, Chemistry, and Physics of Tropical Soils with changeable Charge Clays Boulder, Colorado, Westview press. Vitousek, P.M. 1984. Litterfall nutrients cycling and nutrient limitation in tropical forests. Ecology 65 285-298.

Cyber Security Controls as a Public Good Essay -- Technology, Cyber Cr

Society now is plagued with crime that is difficult to combat, constantly changing, and has no borders this type of crime is called cybercrime. The fall in States of America is attacked on a daily basis by cyber criminals some(prenominal) foreign and domestic. The crimes committed involve fraud, identity theft, theft of proprietary dole out secrets, and even theft of national secrets. The 2009 Internet Crime Report indicates thither were 336,655 received cybercrime complaints in 2009 and a total monetary loss of $559.7 one million million (2009 Internet Crime Report, 2009). Cybercrime affects everyone therefore, individuals, corporations, and governing body entities are accountable for safeguarding entropy against these attacks. Clearly, a unified front must be established to combat this epidemic. A unification of individual citizens, corporations, and government entities must occur to prevent and deter cyber-attacks. A united front to fight cybercrime requires that a standard solidifying of cyber earnest controls be established for the public vertical, but who should be responsible for mandating those controls? Directing cyber security controls involves establishing laws, setting penalties for breaking laws, and creation of foreign policies regarding cybercrime with otherwise nations. Since laws, penalties, and foreign policy are required, the responsibility for mandating security controls for the public good falls on the government. Before the government is allowed to require certain cyber security controls be put in place, the following questions must be answeredIs the government justified in mandating cyber security controls?Should individuals and corporations be responsible for protecting raft and national secrets through cyber security contr... ...lling through the cracks.ConclusionSituational awareness is a term that describes the ability to identify, process, and comprehend critical elements of information in at any given time ( Situational Awareness, 1998). Individuals, corporations, and government entities must all recover deeply about their situational awareness regarding cyber security and the controls necessary to keep information and infrastructures secure. There is no single group that is responsible for the protection of information, barter secrets, intellectual property, or national secrets. The security of the nation depends on everyones ability to foresee, deter, and react to cyber security incidents. There is a clear privation for mandated cyber security controls so that individuals, corporations, and government entities all operate with the same line of descent base of cyber security controls.

Appropriate Treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD

Appropriate Treatment of circumspection Deficit Hyperactivity sickness ( attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) in EducationPolitical correctness and the constant fear of impending judicial proceeding from any number of sources has forced society to find other delegacy through which they can control their children. Though other avenues for treatment exist, new-fashioned developments in educational and familial systems have produced a situation where children are over prescribed stimulant medications to treat Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Dis ball club for educational purposes. For that reason, we must consider the appropriate treatment for ADHD in education. Four main aspects to this issue need to be discussed in order to fully understand the situation a description of ADHD, the symptoms of ADHD, the statistical education regarding the over prescription and a description/history of stimulant use, and some possible alternatives to drug therapy.It is important to understand what ADHD is. ADHD stands for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder that was originally thought to be a practice of minimal brain dysfunction (MBD) (DAlonzo 88), however, it is no longer recognized as a form of MBD. Along with these changes in classification, investigators identified behaviors related to ADHD hyperactivity, restlessness, impulsivity, aggression, distractibility, and short attention span. These symptoms formed the three behavioral constructs inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity described by the American Psychiatric Association (DAlonzo 88). In both the professional and baffle media ADHD is routinely referred to as a neurological disorder, while most experts agree that genetic-biochemical factors influence behavior somewhat, the general public tends to view this as biologically unco... ...view. 26 3 (1997) 369-381.Flick, Grad L. Managing ADHD in the schoolroom Minus Medication. The Education Digest. 63 9 (1998) 51-56.Frankenburger, William Christie Can non. Effects of methylphenidate on Academic Achievement from First to Fifth Grade. International Journal of Disability, Development, and Education. 46 2 (1999) 199-221.Jensen, Peter S. Lori Kettle, Margret T Roper. Are Stimulants Overprescribed? Treatment of ADHD in Four U.S. Communitites. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychology. 38 7 (1999) 797-804.Maynard, R.. Omaha Pupils Given Behavior Drugs. Washington Post 29 June 1970 A8.Read, J.S. Ritalin Its not the Teachers Decision. CEC Today. 2 (1995) 14. Yehle, A.K. Wambold, Clark. An ADHD Success Story Strategies for Teachers and Students. Teaching prodigious Children. 30 (1998) 6 8-13.

The Lumbee Problem Essays -- essays research papers

The first reading was the preface and the fourth chapter from the book, The Lumbee Problem The make of an American Indian People, entitled, What are they trying to do forthwith? In this reading, the author, Karen I. Blu, examines the political history of the Indians of Robeson County, North Carolina and goes into detail about her findings during her chew there between 1967 and 1968. Blu argues that the political history of the Lumbee Indians was greatly affected by the relationships between them and non-Indians as well as each others perceptions of one another. The fourth chapter focuses on the Black-Indian coalition that was formed during this time and the exposit surrounding its emergence, objectives, and achievements. Blu noted that the three specific aims of the coalition were (1) the registration of non-White voters, (2) the option of non-Whites to county offices, and (3) the active participation of non-Whites in the county Democratic Party organization. The coalition was thriving in their first two goals as the registration of non-White voters increased noticeably in 1968 and one man back up by the coalition was elected. However, these successes were eclipsed by the facts that the registration of White voters also increased and the elected candidate that was support by the coalition was a man who was also solidly supported by Whites. Despite these slight failures, the coalition succeeded in getting non-Whites to actively part...

Aristotle, Temperance, Pleasure, and Pain :: Philosophy Research Papers

Aristotle, abstemiousness, Pleasure, and Pain(1)ABSTRACT Aristotle argues that temperance is the mean concerned with pleasure and distress (NE 1107b5-9 and 1117b25-27). Most commentators focus on the moderation of pleasures and hardly discuss how this celibacy relates to pain. In what follows, I consider the place of pain in Aristotles discussion of temperance and resolve contradictory interpretations by turning to the sideline question is temperance ever properly painful? In cleave unitary, I examine the textual evidence and conclude that Aristotle would answer no to our question. The temperate person does not feel pain at the absence of appropriately desired objects. In parts two and three, I bushel more or less reasons why Aristotle would hold such a view based. My discussion here is based upon Aristotles discussion of continence and the unity of the virtues. trance the accounts of temperance in the Eudemian Ethics and the Nichomachean Ethics share some similarities, th e manipulation of the topic in the latter is much more developed.(2) As Charles new-made argues, Aristotle draws a distinction in the midst of common appetites and shady appetites. The appetite for feed when one hasnt eaten for several hours is a common, natural appetite. The appetite for a particular food or a particular amount is peculiar. Temperance most properly concerns the peculiar appetites, because, Aristotle says, people dont break away to go wrong about common appetites since the appetite disappears with replenishment (NE 1118b15-19).(3) A further refinement in the Nicomachean account comes at 1119a16-20. Here Aristotle distinguishes between pleasures conducive to health (called healthful foods by Young) and pleasures that do not interpose with health (called treats by Young). On this more positive account of temperance, one has temperance just in case ones peculiar appetites for food, sex, and drink are determined by judgments about the contribution to or compatibi lity with healthfulness.(4) One nice result of this account is that temperance loses any connotations of nonindulgence that it might have had. For a temperate person, on Aristotles account, enjoys treats to the termination that they are compatible with health.This quick summary of the Nicomachean and Eudemian treatments of temperance, while showing some of the subtlety of Aristotles position, has selectively omitted a range of issues. The focus has been on pleasure rather than pain. Clearly the intemperate person enjoys consuming foods to an excess. However, it in like manner surely is true that the intemperate person is pained by the absence of those peculiar things he desires.

Social Contract Theory and the Nature of Society, Rules and Morality Es

Social Contract Theory and the Nature of Society, Rules and moral philosophySocial draw theory is a philosophy about the temper of morality and the origins of society. Its adherents believe social organization rests on a contract or compact which the people have made among themselves (Reese, 533). This concept was branch articulated by the Sophists, who said societies are not natural occurrences except rather the result of a consensus of people (Reese 533). Plato expresses these ideas in The Republic when he says that society is created to meet human needs (Encyclopedia 1). Various other philosophers, including doubting Thomas Aquinas, William of Ockham, Marsilius of Padua, and Richard Hooker, incorporated the concept of a social contract in their applications to political theory (Encyclopedia 1). None of these philosophers, however, made the social contract their primary focus. They include the theory as just one component of their main philosophies. It wasnt until much later that social contract theory was developed as a unique and separate philosophy. The 17th Century British...

Development During Adolescence: Questions Essay -- Child Psychology

dubiousness 1 Discuss adolescencea)The period of adolescence and the cultural aspect thereofPinpointing the chicken feed of any developmental phase is difficult as several(predicate) flock view adolescence and who is classified as an adolescent in different ways. This is because of stance as well as cultural differences of what an adolescent is. As a rule of thumb,we say that the on invest of adolescence is when puberty starts. This is fairly easy to call attention because of the physical changes. However, determining the end of adolescence is much harder. There are criteria from a social, legal, psychological and economic perspectives which determine the end of adolescence. In some cultures, younker are expected to go through an initiation of some select or have to partake in a ritual in order to be accepted as an adult in the communities. early(a) cultures mark the start end of adolescence with a feast. As you can see,it is near impossible to pinpoint the exact start and the exact finish of adolescence. As a norm though, we say that it starts in the midst of 11 and 13 and ends between the matures of 17 and 22.b)Educational implications of Physical DevelopmentAdolescents are trying to figure reveal who they are and who they are meant to be and they are trying to figure taboo what their place in the world is. Something that plays a huge role in these searching is the stamp of being accepted. Physical development doesnt occur on a certain day at a certain bestride with certain effects, each person starts developing at a different time and at a different speed. This can cause feelings of amazement and shame so as educators, it is important to be able to lecture openly and frankly about the development that takes place including their sexual development. It is ... ... and support and at the same time should have the freedom to deny assistance. They take to feel free to try different styles and to attempt new ways of being without feeling judge d or rejected. Since adolescents are in a phase where they imitate some other people in attempt to find their own identity whilst complying to the demands lay upon them by community and striving to become their ideal self, the example set is one of the strongest teaching methods. By handling myself well in confrontations and passage of arms and by applying myself in the things that I do, I show them how they could do it and how society rewards it. I think it is important to make them aware of what kinds of differences people their age have ( i.e. The different levels of cognitive thinking and the differences in physical development) so that the extent to which they feel inferior is minimized.

The Unfair Treatment of Women Essay -- No Name Woman Gender Discrimina

The unsportsmanlike Treatment of Women My fret has always promoted sisterhood and support for women. Growing up, I was taught that women, although we can do anything we want to do, need a support system, because we argon traditionally the underdogs, and we should not accept being inured unfairly. My mother likes to mark a story slightly how, when she was a girl, she told her dad that she had decided to release a lawyer when she grew up. In response to her proclamation, my grandfather, an attorney himself, asked, Isnt that an repulsively expensive education for a girl? My mother was involved in her education throughout richly school. The number of opportunities presented to her while growing up and in her education, however, did not eve come close to the number of opportunities presented to her manful counterparts. In her yearbook, she is pictured among the succeeding(a) Teachers of America, the only organization offered in her high school that relates to furthering the edu cation of its young female students. The male students were also sufficient to join that club, as well as Future Farmers of America, Future Lawyers of America, and Future Businessmen of America. She was also the Associated Student Body Treasurerquite a feat, considering that it was unthinkable for a girl to run for President. Girls didnt play sports, they cheered for the guys who did. My mother attended MIT Sloan School for Business, and in her class of 32, there was only wizard other woman. A certified management accountant with an M.B.A. from MIT, my mom has been jilted from jobs on the basis of her gender. In interviews, shes been told by companies that they dont want a woman in the position, and that the average matriculation clock time for women in management was 23 months. My mo... ...tional ways, which her brothers, now among the barbarians, could fumble without detection. So if women had the force to carry on traditional values, then why did they not elbow grease to c hange anything? What privileges did Chinese women have that they wanted to hold on to, stock-still in the United States, where they did not have to tolerate being treated so unequally? I do not know about Chinese culture, and I am sure that there are reasons that such an unfair tradition of gender inequality could have survived for so long, even after the Chinese immigrated to America. However, with the upbringing that I have had, I gear up it sad and frustrating to read about the acceptance of unjust manipulation of women in Chinese culture. Women seemed to hold their own social status worst with their silence and by attacking other women, such as capital of Jamaicas aunt, whom they know are not to blame.

Cats Amazing Ability to Survive Falls Essay -- physics cat cats fall

Your chance of surviving a fall of 50 feet (approximately 4 stories) is about 50%, while almost no cardinal who falls 6 stories will be around to tell their tale. However, in a study conducted by Manhattan veterinarians, Drs. Wayne Whitney and Cheryl Mehlhaff, it was discovered that out of 115 cases of blares move ( unintendedly) from multi-story heights, 90% of them survived. An even more surprising result is that if a computerized tomography falls from more than 7 stories its chance of survival doubles, compared to a cat having fallen from 2 to 7 stories (a story averages about 12 feet). No wonder cats are fabled to have nine lives. It turns out that the both most important variables which contribute to the cats survival are its efficiency to go through on its feet and its reaching terminal velocity (both of which involve a sightly deal of physics).Whitney & Melhaffs StudyCats apparent fearlessness concerning heights leads to many accidental falls. In fact so many cats are brought to veterinarians for treatment by and by a fall, that in 1976 Dr. Gordon Robinson coined the term feline high-rise syndrome to describe the resulting posture of injuries. Eleven years later Drs. Wayne Whitney and Cheryl Mehlhaff at the Animal Medical nitty-gritty in Manhattan conducted a study over a five calendar month period on cats brought in for treatment after a fall. They compiled a database of 115 cats who savage a range of two to thirty-two stories, to begin with ending their falls on concrete pavement. The mean fall was 5.5 stories. triplet of the cats were dead upon arrival and 8 more died in the next 24 hours, leaving 104 living cats or about 90%. This is a strange statistic.When the height the cats fell is taken into account, it is found that only 5% of the cats who fell seven ... ... a small amount of mass, but also their ability comes from their flying squirrel (relaxed) posture upon reaching terminal velocity and from their superb cozy gyroscope.Work s Cited * Diamond, Jared. How Cats Survive Falls from New York Skyscapers, Natural History 20-26 sublime 1989. * Diamod, Jared. Why cats have nine lives, Nature 332, 586-587 April 14, 1988. * Fredrickson, J. E. The tail-less cat in free-fall, The physics Teacher. 27, 620-625 November 1989. * Halliday, David, Robert Resnick and Jearl Walker. Fundamentals of Physics, 5th ed. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1997. * Mehlhaff, Cheryl and Wayne Whitney. High-rise syndrome in cats, J. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc. 191, 1399-14031987. * Terminal Velocity, give 9,10 August 1988. * Von Baeyer, Hans Christian. Swing Shift, The Sciences 30, 2-4 May/June 1990.

Democracy in Platos the Republic Essay examples -- essays research pa

Democracy in the nationIn Platos Republic democracy made a controversial issue in a critique by Socrates. The opening of the disposition accounts for the controversy as it states that the person is divided into three parts the rational, the spirited, and the inclination which be ranked respectively. The liking of the souls three parts and the soul being govern by a dominant part is used as the basis for identifying justness and virtue. However, the theory of the soul is not only used to identify justice and virtue, barely also used to show that the virtue at bottom a urban center reflects that of its inhabitants. Socrates evaluates four metropolis constitutions that evolve from aristocracy timocracy, oligarchy, democracy and tyranny. As a resultant that these four types of cities exist, four additional types of individuals who inhabit them also exist. Although these city constitutions evolve from aristocracy, Socrates deems aristocracy to be the most efficient, in that r espectfore the most just, of the constitutions because the individuals indoors it are ruled by the rational part of the soul.Timocracy and oligarchy are value more than democracy by Socrates. Individuals within a timocracy are ruled by the spirited part of the soul and as a result are constantly in search of honor. The spirited part of the soul aides the rational and therefore is valued as the second scoop part of the soul. The principle of specialization is still apparent among the individuals within the timocratic city but it is not governed as well as an aristocracy. Oligarchy is valued higher up a democracy although they are both ruled by the appetite of the soul. Those within an oligarchy pursue necessary appetites whereas democratic individuals pursue unnecessary appetites. Rulers are present... ...should either live the life of those that they rule, as an equal, or as a superior allow the necessary input of those whom they rule, to decide the best eat of action, as is done in a democracy. Truth be told there is no real justice in Socrates? ?just city?. Servitude of those within his city is crucial to its function. His citizens are, in every aspect, slaves to the functionality of a city that is not truly their own. True justice can not be achieved done slavery and servitude, that which appears to be justice (and all for the sake of appearances) is all that is achieved. inwardly Socrates? city there is no room for identity, individuality, equality, or freedom, which are the foundations justice was built upon. These foundations are upheld within a proper democracy. In fact, the next one can experience justice, on a political level, is by dint of democracy.

Essay --

For more than 30 eld, cannabis use has been associated with harsh penalties and irrational consequences. Millions of lot are sent to prison each year for simple obstinance or consumption of this plant. This issue has fueled political disagreements over the years increasing conflict between both state and federal governings. both sides hurl strong and supportive arguments which still is an ongoing battle to this day. However, ganja is here to stay the state of cobalt has already fully legalized unpaid use of marijuana. Looking at the amount of revenue Colorado brings in from marijuana sales, its clear that marijuana has a significant potential in bringing money into the economy. Many would agree that the war on drugs has deteriorated our individualized freedoms and has wasted money over the decades for both the government and tidy sum. Marijuana should be legal because prohibition has been proven not to work. Taxing the sales of marijuana, equivalent to alcohol, bequeath help boost the economy. Regulating marijuana in an corking way will make it a safe and healthy environs for users and families in the United States. Prohibition of alcohol in the 1920s is very comparable to the prohibition of marijuana in recent years. The main reason the government made drinking alcohol illegal in the 1920s was to reduce the consider of heap consuming alcohol and to help lower crime levels. It was overly enforced to protect minors from becoming alcoholics at an early board (Blocker 233-243). However, as much as prohibition had good intentions to stop mickle from abusing alcohol, it only made things worse. It triggered major strikes, raids in alcohol warehouses, and created a potful underground black market in which violence and crime leve... ...of Colorado and Washington. People wouldnt have to resort on getting their marijuana from dark dealers that could potentially cause harm to them. Marijuana alone doesnt lead people to trying harder drugs the bl ack market has opened the doors to people to try harder drugs because dealers take over a variety of them. Our economy would save billions from having to build prisons to jail fair people. People with diseases would have a safe alternative to prescription drugs which have caused more deaths than marijuana. The production of hemp would benefit many farmers and industries. It will greatly reduce the amount of cotton used for many products. If more people open their mind and get educated in seeing the benefits that marijuana can bring into our society, marijuana legalization throughout the country will be the greatest decision to the United States in decades.