MRO Activities in Aviation Industry

MRO Activities in zephyr Indus striveDefinitionsMRO nourishment, cleanse and overhaul composition.OEM Aircraft master copy equipment producers. Such as Airbus, Boeing, Bombardier Embraer and former(a)s.Airworthiness Authorities Regulate exclusively aspects of civilised aviation. These let in the construction and operation of airports, the man growment of air traffic, the certification of personnel and aircraft. on that point argon deuce main organizations, the Federal zephyr Administration (FAA) of the join States of America and the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA).Airworthiness FAA Part 3 defines Airworthy as, the aircraft conforms to its symbol design and is in a condition for guard evasion. A to a greater extent generic and non- adjoin oriented definition is ask. Airworthiness is defined in JSP553 Military Airworthiness Regulations (2006) Edition 1 Change 5 as The index of an aircraft or other airborne equipment or system to operate with extinct evidential h azard to aircrew, ground crew, passengers (where pertinent) or to the general public over which much(prenominal)(prenominal) airborne systems atomic number 18 black marketn.Mother airline In MRO aviation welkin mother airline is the core airline from with the MRO unit segregates, for instance British Airways is the mother airline of British Airways railway locomotiveering.Virtual airline Is an airline that has outsourced as many viable usable and rail line functions as it so-and-so, but up to now maintains effective control of its core business.Line keep Usually carried out at or near the aircraft dock or parking. The level of dis-assembly is ordinarily limited to what can be reassembled and restored inwardly a short boundary in order to allow the continuous aircraft operation. A limiting part is usually the level of Ground Support Equipment and the scope of the re fantasys pass wateres to the A-Check.Heavy Maintenance The mayor level of criminal maintenance with c apabilities of disassembling, inspecting, fixing, refurbishment, overhaul and restoration. It is usually carried out into special installations called Hangars with and extensive source of facilities, tools and equipment. The scope of the revisions in this kind of maintenance is centralise in C-Checks and in mayor structural repairs and inspections.Engine Overhaul Comprises of the all in all disassembly of an engine. The overhaul facility inspects the engine, repairs it as incumbent, reassembles, tests, clean and approves it for return to benefit deep down the fits and limits specified by the manufacturers overhaul data (Lee et al, 2008). This kind of maintenance film to be done in a precise special installations approved by the engine manufacturer.Component Maintenance Reparation of aircraft components is pretty different from a complete overhaul, as the workshop needs to incur the cause of a given defect, correct that defect, perform bench tests and drop the component back to service. Very specific workshops needed for different components such as Radio transceivers, Hydraulic valves, batteries, passengers seats, etc.Modifications This kind of maintenance is performed in order a manufacturer option or an authority requirement. During the manufacturing handle of an aircraft, improvements have been implemented over time, for early versions, these improvements can be make later in the form of modification, on the other hand civil aviation authorities generates Airworthiness coordinateives (AD) of mandatory compliance to the aircraft operators , that needs specific modifications. portalMaintenance, repair and overhaul in the aeronautical sector is a implicate procedure that has strict and particular requirements defined by airworthiness authorities to tell the safety of passengers and aircrew. MRO could be defined such all actions that have the neutral of retaining or restoring an item in or to a state in which it can be perform its required fu nction. (Vieira, Loures, 2016).The aviation MRO engineering could be defined such the arm of the aviation industry responsible for the retaining or restoring aircraft part to a state in which they can perform the required design applications (Al-kaabi, Potter et al. 2007). Chang and Abdullah (2014) states that the business mould of the MRO is a combination of proficient capacity and logistic configuration counting the level of bring home the bacon mountain range vertical integration and outsourcing practices. Chris Markou (2015) estimates the maintenance make up for an airline is 17% of the operational hail.MRO Activities and ModelsAl-kaabi, Potter et al (2007) study assesses the decision- do care for of an airline when deciding on the outsourcing of maintenance services, the study define three different microscope stagesThe first phase corresponds to the activities developed by the MRO, in this section the critical activities of the organization that ar included (figure 1).The second phase deals with the study of contract based on a series of entries that allow for take into account the logistical complexity, the age of the fleet and its use, among others. The MRO have to concentrate on on the actual market and need to develop a plan strategy for short, medium and coherent term.The ternary phase addresses the study of capacity and the true need to outsource victorious into account the MRO cost, that include maintenance resources such hangar space, adapted equipment , qualified manpower and the dispatch reliability related with cracking delays.During 2014 Global grocery store of MRO spends was value at %62.1 billion, excluding overheads, with a 3.8% increase per annum, the market size is estimated to reach $90 billion in 2024 (Chris MARKOU, 2015). The following graph represents the distribution of cost among MRO activities for the year 2014.Al-kaabi, Potter et al (2007) states that accord with the critical activities of an MRO and the l evel of outsourcing developed, a MRO could be categorized in different prototypesFully inter affiliated MRO Where all MRO activities be generated and performed internally and in addition the MRO can deliver other airlines different to the mother airline generating external revenues.Partially Outsourced MRO Where airlines try to maintains most of their MRO activities internally but some are externalised, for example the outsourcing of the Engine Maintenance.Mostly Outsourced MRO Where only critical activities are performed internally for instance, generally airlines examine Line maintenance such a critical activity for the likeness with the punctuality, for this reason is maintained such as in house activity. exclusively outsourced MRO Where all activities are outsourced, it is similar to the Virtual airline model and it is extremely extended across the new Low-Cost airlines that can non afford the initial investment funds to create their own MRO.The following table represents an SWOT evaluation performed by Al-kaabi, Potter et al (2007) of the difference structure models.This variety of organizational models in which certain critical activities are externalized requires a maximum level of coordination between the actors involved, as well as within the organization itself. One of the conduct issues in aviation industry today is how culture is managed and retained in an organization (Flouris, Oswald 2006).Regarding to the operational aspect of the MRO activities Vieira and Loures (2016) states that the maintenance could beScheduled Maintenance defined as an anticipatory action to turn back that a point of intersection works properly at pre-defined intervals. The intervals can be defined in terms of hours of operation, number of flights or flight cycles. (Figure 5).Unscheduled Maintenance Defined as not planned or programmed is performed when an unexpected component ill occurs.Actual MRO Scenario in aviation industryAviation MRO activities cannot be on the dot defined solely within manufacturing or service term alone, effrontery that it is a product of both (Ayeni, Ball et al. 2016). The form are rattling complex, each component needs to be certified by the competent airworthiness institution which define severe requirements to guarantee safety (Vieira, Loures ,2016).Due to the full(prenominal) quality requirements, there is a very small number of true companies to serve move and services in the sector, this fact generates limitation in the options available when a MRO or manufacturer has to select the provider, creating a need of influence to discuss commercial conditions.It can be highlighted four stakeholders in the service issue of an aviation MRO Subtier/Supplier, Aircraft OEMs, Aircraft MRO and Customer. The hunt model used by OEMs provides for key suppliers working as system integrator, this means in equality with other sectors aircraft OEMs have very few suppliers approximately 50. The production split is ve ry standard and similar compared with other industrial sector, OEMs submit a purchasing order with the system supplier and making and respect a commercial agreement the part is delivered. The complexity increases with spare part collectable to the logistic and regulatory framework. Customers can purchase orders to the rest of the stakeholders always depending of the type of structure and also can request the MRO services.In order to oblige a complete an actual vision of the MRO sector, the following table shows the go along 10 aviation MROs ordered by the number of airframe maintenance hours during 2014. (AWST, 2015)MRO ProceduresLifecyclesdeuce main give ears can be identified within an MRO Aviation (CHANG, Abdullah 2014)The corporal flow Is the aircraft maintenance military operation which comprises professional methodology, material, machine, manpower and environment.The nurture flow Defined as the company management process which comprises the cycle of P-D-C-A (Plan-DO-Ch eck-Action) that includes functions of demand integration and material logistic.These flows have to be probed through the lifecycle of the different components of the Aviation MRO activityThe preliminary plots show a generic lifecycle for the different elements with which MROs work, they are legal regardless of the level of outsourcing that the organization has, because it is the complete cycle, which would vary the organization that would perform the project in case they were outsourced.Many common characteristics can be seen in the different cycles, such as logistics for the receipt and spoken language of the product, personnel and tooling distributions, living and various net tests. During the development of the phases, the physical flow and the culture flow must be taken care of equally.Is very important visualize the wide intricacy of the MRO organization management (Bierer, Gtze et al. 2016).The both types of flow mentioned above are then analyzed further in enlarge Physical flowRegarding the physical flow, the maintenance process does not vary significantly with the product to be treated within the 3 life cycles oldly exposed. Chang and Abdullah (2014) divides the aircraft maintenance process in 8 partsReview Flight history Make a review of previous maintenance actions and evaluate the current status.Determine Maintenance Items Following manufacturer requirements and documentation, perform an engineering evaluation and determine the maintenance items.Receiving Process harmonize the aircraft from customer and perform the maintenance previous set-up.Disassembly Gain admission fee to the maintenance item.Inspection and testing perpetrate the evaluations and approved test to ensure the state of the maintenance item.Assembly Substitute and assembly the relative parts of the maintenance item, including de aces panel to the maintenance item area.Functional test Perform a functional test of the maintenance item.Flight test In some maintenance acti on could be necessary a flight test to ensure achieve the original performance requirement according to the regulatory framework.Figure 12 General Maintenance Process of Aircraft flow shop. initiation (CHANG, Abdullah 2014)It can be seen the easy allocation of the parts to the previous discussed lifecycle in Figure 8. The complexity and the resources used in the maintenance task may vary, provided the process remains essentially unchanged.Information fluxThe information flow is the company management process, Chang and Abdullah (2014) argues that is composed by twain major functionsDemand integration Divided in three stages words schedule Where is necessary the management of customers orders taking into account the delivery date, aircraft model and requirements, this stage makes the link with the investment and business plan.Rough-cut capacity flip the information and the overall demand, during this stage the rough-cut capacity for midterm and long term is computed.Material req uirement planning (MRP) In this stage inputs are receive from engineering evaluation (Bill of material), current inventory and current capacity, subsequently the pertinent evaluation the detail production schedule is generated.Material logistic Divided in three stagesDetail production schedule Generated in the MRP phase, it is based in the feasibility of the production schedule, taking into account the conk out time of the details parts, outsourcing level, procurements and resources.Shop floor control This phase monitor lizard the progress and daily performance in order to achieve the targets of the detail production schedule.Delivery After the maintenance task and checks, all the documentation and quality records should be prepared for reviewing and approval.In this section it is necessary to dissever information from intimacy. The information is the raw content of the metric being used, Gunasekaran, Patel et al (2001) use some of the following metrics in the aircraft maintena nce process Documents rejected, Defects at final inspections, Rework, Tool bag audit among others. knowledge however is formed through the analysis and study of information, and gives a real vision of the state of the process as well as the achievement of objectives. satisfying knowledge construction and application involves information to be accessible and relevant moment and relevant situation (Iyengar, Dharwada et al.).One of the most important factors in the Aviation industry is how information is managed and retained in the organization. The concept of Knowledge Management in an organization is supply managers to with all the tools and knowledge necessary for decision making. Knowledge should be made available to the correct passel at the correct time, and it must be sheltered so that this knowledge does not leave the organization. (Flouris, Oswald 2006).Bierer, Gtze et al (2016) indicates that the knowledge management is necessary to run a successful generation and correct handling of knowledge, they also punctuate the tendency of MROs to outsource services by aggravating the problem of making knowledge accessible within the company.Little literature exits on information management of the data obtained from various aircraft maintenance process which have commit consequence on the safety of the aircraft. (Iyengar, Dharwada et al. ). Nonetheless, in the publication the authors describe the power structure through different levels of the maintenance environmentSenior managers refers to the higher managers who reviews all the maintenance activities.Manager refers to the individual who reviews and report all the maintenance activities to the sr. manager.Airline representative refers to the individual who performs day-to-day surveillance at the trafficker location.Vendor refers to the independent maintenance operator who performs maintenance operations on the aircraft.Human resourcesOne of the most critical and most important components within the physi cal and information flows within an MRO is the human component, two main types are mainly involved in the whole process (CHANG, Abdullah 2014).Engineer The role is related with planning, certification liaison, and regulation, specifications to maintain the reliability, relations with financial departments and provide technical and analytical support.Technician The qualified technician cover three main categories structure repair, avionics and mechanical. The technicians are the main component of the manpower and they performed the designed maintenance task accourding to the valid regulation..Mapping information flows is a process for analysing how information is transferred between two points inside an organization (Hibberd, Evatt 2004). There are two types of information flows Direct information and indirect information, companies have for a long time try to optimize and improve the physical material flow within the supply chain but is needed also improve the information which is connected to the physical flow (Chibba, Rundquist 2004).Figure 17 The physical material flow and the information flow covering two different Approaches(Indirect and direct information). Source (Chibba, Rundquist 2004).Hibberd and Evatt (2004) indicates some benefits of mapping informationEnables the understanding of who is the user of information and how is used.It identifies the final client or key stakeholder for various types of information services.Help to focus information services where more necessaries are.StepsThey also pinpoints a process of five steps to perform the information flow mapping quarter current situation They suggest a hierarchical chart showing the mission, goals and objectives of an organization, in addition it is also exposed the interaction with various business units and how these units support these goals.Describe potential clients Identification of potential clients in other business units. Determining the organizational goals and objectives of each u nit and identify what information may need.Map potential clients Listing the units, needs and resources help to analyse the potential overlap areas, the current clients maps is completed with the potential clients information. The map should be completed with suggestions and reallocation of resources, products and services.Rank solutions for prioritization Make a classification of the possible solutionsLow encounter Organizations is not making a mission-critical decision.Moderate riskiness Organizational activity involves a complete department and its budget.High Risk Organizations is making a mission-critical decision.Create an Information map Mapping the final solution to show each department and the suggestions for their information, the information map will require updating to continue its function.Chibba and Rundquist (2004) argues that a data flow diagram (DFD) could be used to map typical supply chain information flows the article present difference commercial solutions for DFD creation and the characteristics for a processIs necessary a supplier that contribute with some measurable entity into the process.The process comprises a number of activities that convert the object in a more valuable object.The process should have well defined start and concrete ending.The process should be regularly iterated.The process should use the organization resources.Is good for organization to work with a process model that all the element could understand, they should know how their process are connected, the hierarchy, hat resources are critical to the clients.ReferencesAL-KAABI, H., POTTER, A. and NAIM, M., 2007. Insights into the maintenance, repair and overhaul configurations of European airlines. Journal of Air Transportation, 12(2), pp. 27.AL-KAABI, H., POTTER, A. and NAIM, M (2007) An outsourcing decision model for airlines MRO activities, Journal of look in Maintenance Engineering, 13(3), pp. 217-227.AYENI, P., BALL, P. and BAINES, T., 2016. Towards the st rategic adoption of disputation in Aviation Maintenance Repair and Overhaul (MRO) industry An observational study into the industrys status. Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, , pp. 38-61.AWST. 2015. Aviation Week Announces Top 10 Airframe MRO Providers Biennial survey examines MRO developments, 2014 airframe maintenance hours and revenue. Aviation Week and Space Technology, MRO Edition, Aviation Week Ranks. May 2015.BIERER, A., GTZE, U., KHLER, S. and LINDNER, R., 2016. Control and Evaluation Concept for Smart MRO Approaches. Procedia CIRP, 40, pp. 700-705.CHANG, H.M. and ABDULLAH, K., 2014. 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