Incineration Or Recycling Of Waste In Stockholm Environmental Sciences Essay

Incineration Or cycle Of Waste In capital of Sweden Environmental Sciences EssayThe make sense of bollocks has increased e very(prenominal) course in line with economical growth in the society and so progressively becoming a bigger c erstrn. The exsert of increasing fellate in the society needs to be considered c are adequatey and strategies for building sustainable solutions must be incorporated into the daily docket for companies as well as for households. Decisions regarding immense enthronements in our society, like contrasting routes of handling mis travelling bag, are complex and require a systematic get on supported with appropriate decision regularitys and models.The overall aim for this hire is to investigate how incineration and recycle in capital of Sweden municipality is organized and too to evaluate both the bell and the social welfares using CBA model. Which method is the best when both considering financial and environmental aspects?The results fro m the make up Benefit analysis shows clearly that incineration has a large advantage relative recycling in matter of financial benefits. This benefit comes generally from the fact that it is possible in Sweden and at the Hgdalenverken to produce regulate heating and electrical aught from the incineration of MSW. This vigour recovery is not just vertical from an environmental point of envision but also from a financial. Another important result is that the flue gas treatment in Sweden and Hgdalenverken is very effective due to use of modern technologies. The cleaning process with use of filters, scrubbers and catalysts are very effective and has a large impact on the emissions released to the environment. When analyzing the full picture with incineration compared to recycling it is clear that in Stockholm is the benefits larger for incineration as a large scale advanceable treatment method for the municipal solidness idle (MSW).IntroductionIn the early 1800s the main occup ation in Sweden was agriculture and the most important processes linked to farming was sowing, harvesting and managing animals. During this period it was sort of clear for the farmers what the input and output of their processes were and it was probably not that hard to control these processes and the local environmental impact. The main issue was the weather and the main resource was man forcefulness. The morn of industrial technology brought the industrial revolution. It became clear that new companies and households were not only impacting the local environment but also much larger areas via waterways and air streams. The amount of expend has, in general, increased every social class in line with economic growth and so progressively becoming a bigger issue for our society. The issue of increasing wild in the society needs to be considered carefully and strategies for building sustainable solutions must be incorporated into the daily agenda for companies as well as for househ olds. Decisions regarding large investments in our society, like various ways of handling savage product, are complex and require a systematic approach supported with appropriate decision methods and models.Aims and ObjectivesThe overall aim for this study is to investigate how incineration and recycling in Stockholm municipality is organized and also to evaluate both the cost and the benefits using CBA model. Which method is the best when both considering financial and environmental aspects?To be able to fulfill the overall aim a number of objectives has been established recognise the concept of bionomical Economics and its context.Describe and explain how price Benefit digest can be used to evaluate waste handling.Describe what contour of waste that is incinerated and recycled in Stockholm municipality.Describe and analyze how incineration of waste is managed in Stockholm municipality.Describe and analyze how recycling of waste is managed in Stockholm municipality. steer and evaluate costs and benefits for both waste incineration and recycling.System Boundary one and only(a) geographical boundary is that this study will take place in Stockholm municipality but when sui disconcert information is missing in Stockholm there is a need to broaden this boundary.It is also state that there is two options of waste handling that will be studied in this level, incineration and recycling. Still these methods need to be put into its context.MethodologyThe information used in this report comes mainly from course literature used in the course bionomic Economics (MJ2694) at KTH. Other sources of information are internet and databases with articles for the specific research area. theoretical FrameworkThis chapter will introduce the research area as well as build the basis for good understanding of how waste management is handled in Stockholm municipality. This study is heightened on using Cost Benefit Analysis as method for analyzing the two options incineration a nd recycling.Ecological Economics PerspectiveEcological Economics (EE) was founded at the end of 1980s and this field is often categorized in multi-discipline or trans-discipline research depending on the views of different scholars (Constanza, Daly and Bartholomew, 1991 Daly, 2004). This section will before long address the concept and the terms of EE that will be used in this study. Due to the multi-disciplinary nature of EE, it conditionms important to define the basic idea of Ecological Economics before addressing the waste management methods from an ecological economics perspective.The basic idea of Ecological EconomicsIn a broader sense this field of study investigates the relationship amidst ecosystems and economic systems (Constanza, Daly and Bartholomew, 1991). However, as Bergh (2001) discusses in relation with the core of EE, the combination of the two different fields of study was enabled based on the view that the economy is a subsystem of a larger local and global e cosystem, and this relationship provides the reason to set limits to the physical growth of the economy. At this point it is differed from mainstream economy which has the focus on market mechanism without consideration of actual human and ecosystem behavior. Ecological Economics responds to failure of mainstream economics to build a bridge between the initiative of natural science and economics (Gowdy, 2000). Economic scientist aspires to find simple and general laws that cover all possible economic situations. The focus on markets in economy, with ignorance of the constraints impose by environment and the human behavior, has concluded in a variety of environmental degradation (Gowdy, 2000).An important distinction of sustainability in EE is concerned with the differences between development and growth. Development refers to an increase in the quality of output without an increase in mass and energy usage, whereas growth refers to quantitative increase in economic output (Gowdy, 2000). Development with an increase of quality of output also considers equal allocating resources significant and efficiency of distributing resources (Daly and Farley, 2004).Cost Benefit AnalysisOne of the methods used for decision-making is Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA) and with this method it is possible to evaluate the expected costs of an investment against the expected benefits to determine the most profitable alternative. In terms of closing setting or making a decision, CBA is a support for the decision makers. It is a rather simple method that is widely used for many stratums. (Entrepreneur, 2010)To dilate how simple the CBA could be is to put a piece of paper where a line divides it into two parts. In the left side costs are stated and in the right side the potential benefits are described. Both the costs and benefits should be stated to reach a specific goal. After writing the different costs and benefits they need to be added up to be able to compare the both sides and to carry out which the largest part is. As this is a very simple method for decision-making it could be used for a first screening the situation but probably a more sophisticated method will be needful for deeper analysis. (Entrepreneur, 2010)One example when a CBA is used could be when a Sales Director of a participation needs to take a decision if the party should invest in a new efficient contract and sales processing computer based system. At present time has the sales incision just a few computers and this kind of investment would require quite much employee training. There is a risk that there will be a decrease in sales during the implementation period of this new computer based system. The original costs are estimated to about $55,800 (computers, installation and training). The potential benefits are linked to the estimated increase in sales capacity and better customer service performance which is approximately $90,000 annually. With this costs and benefit figures is it possible to calculate the profit of the investment as well as the return of investment of about eight months. (Entrepreneur, 2010)Incineration in Stockholm MunicipalityThere are many ways of fetching care of waste and incineration if one of the most important treatment methods. According to the waste hierarchy is incineration in the middle of the waste hierarchy. The order is from the top of the waste hierarchy waste reduction/prevention, re-use, recycling composting, incineration and landfill (Williams, 2005).In Stockholm is incineration is one of the main ways of waste treatment. For Stockholm is Hgdalenverket the main facility for incineration of waste. At this plant is heat and electricity produced from mainly combustion of municipal solid waste (MSW) as well as industrial waste. This facility consists of six different burners to produce the heat and electricity. One important change in the district heating net of Stockholm was make in 2008 when the southern and central di strict heating net was merged into one net. Hgdalenverket is the major producing unit of district heating in Stockholm. In Hgdalenverket is the different shares of waste MSW from Stockholm 235,432 net ton, MSW from surrounding municipalities 158,001 ton and industrial waste 90,917 ton. The part of the MSW that comes from Stockholm is 235,432/484,450 = 0.49, that is 49% of the issue forth treated waste in Hgdalenverket. There are also needed different fuels to be able to run the plant, for example burning oils and bio oils (Fortum, 2010).In dishearten 9 in Appendix B, it is obvious that waste from pabulum is totally dominating the MSW with about 38.9% of the total amount. The second biggest part is board and corrugated cardboard with 9.3% and the third biggest is newspapers with 7.2%. These three parts makes about 55% of the total MSW in Stockholm and needs to be treated concordly. The figures shown in put off 9 come from an analysis called plockanalys (eng. pick analysis). Th is means that MSW in Stockholm has been analyze by looking into garbage bags from citizens in the municipality.A typical modern waste incinerator plant is divided into five different process steps according to Williams (2005). The first step is the waste delivery and the final district heating or electricity generation. The steps are described below also see Figure 1 for an illustrationI) Waste delivery, bunker and feeding system this stage comprises the arrival of waste to the incineration plant, its storage in the bunker for further exercising and the continuous feeding to the furnace.II) Furnace it is here where the incineration of the waste occurs. It can be divided in three phases drying and devolatilisation, combustion of volatiles and soot and combustion of the solid carbonaceous residues.III) passionateness recovery due to the high temperature of the flue gases, around 750 1000 C, it is necessary to cool down the gases before passing through the cleaning system. During this process, by the workout of a boiler, the heat of the flue gases is transferred to water therefore producing steam.IV) Emissions control this stage comprises all the measures and techniques utilized to treat the flue gases in order to comply with the European Commission Waste Incineration Directive (2000), which regulates all the emissions resultant from incineration plants.V) Energy recovery via district heating or electricity generation through the utilization of turbines or heat exchangers it is possible to use the steam produced in the heat recovery phase to generate electricity or district heating.Figure 1 distinctive layout of a MSW incineration plant (EC, 2006)Recycling in Stockholm MunicipalityWaste recycling can be considered as a favored way for temporal and energy recovery. Reasonable sorting system is the most kernel part in cloth recycling. The main aims of waste recycling is to separately store recyclable material for reuse and ensure that waste which can be p rocessed for recovery of material and energy. It is also to separately store raving mad material for disposal in landfills or through appropriate processing and also to minimize the waste and ensure reduction in landfill space for final disposal. (Barker and Zabinsky, 2010) The general idea of waste recycling in western countries, is based on first household sorting and recycling and secondly process in recycling center.Household screen and RecyclingThe idea of household recycling adopts the method of waste sorting in households. There are different kinds of waste that is recycled for example packaging, food, paper, metal and deoxyephedrine waste. These are collected via waste bins located at households, business facilities, at hotel and other public areas. The collected waste will be transported for recycling or for downgraded recovery. The household waste sorting starts normally in the kitchen where food waste and other mixed waste are sorted into their own separate waste line of battle bins. The waste contains recyclable materials such(prenominal) as glass, metal and paper that are sorted in their separate bins. The waste also contains hazardous material which can be dangerous or harmful to human health or the surrounding environment and should not be mixed with other waste. The hazardous waste must be kept separately and taken to specific recycle stations.In 1994 was the legislation passed, that requiring households to sort waste into separate streams to facilitate collection under the EPR legislation. Since the Swedish system relied on bring systems it is not really compulsory. Sorting waste by the households is regulated but not enforced. In or so all municipalities in Sweden, there are different kinds of waste bins used to collect different kinds of household waste separately. The method of classifying different household waste follow these different groups paper board, plastic, glass, metals, food and other (e.g. batteries, lamps). For the differ ent kind of waste mentioned, there are the corresponding bins to collect them. (Paxus, 1999)Swedish cleaning company jointly is formed by non-governmental organizations. Companies in some cities in Sweden provides each household with free garbage bags which is used to keep waste paper, scrap metal, waste glass bottle and waste fiber separately. The special truck always collects recyclable periodically, while the other garbage collection once a week. In addition, in apartments, hotels and other public residential area also has the special collection devices used to keep various types of waste for recycling. (Green Alliance, 2009)The reusable bottles in Sweden, such as plastic bottles and metal cans, could be collected at supermarkets which have self-service recycle machines. People can get money back once by applying the used bottles into the self-service machine which is designed as a deposit refund system. About 9,000 tons of recycled in Sweden for cans and about 2 cardinal tons o f glass bottles are collected every year. 75 million tons of paper are recovered per year of which 240,000 tons is collected from households. (Docstoc, 2009) suffice in Recycling CenterRecycling Centers manage the collected waste from all scattered areas. The recycling begins with material collection and separation, followed by sorting at a Materials Recovery Facility (MRF), which is also known as recycling centers and after that further reprocessing or reuse. The recycling center can be specify as a demarcated system where people bring and sort their large-sized, hazardous and electrical waste. This is including refrigerators, furniture, electronics, garden waste, solvents and paints. The waste is sorted and placed in large containers, cages and boxes. However, kitchen waste is not accepted at these recycling centers. (Krook and Eklund, 2010) In contrast to waste separation in source site, waste materials and recyclables sorted in recycling centralise can be thought of solution a t the end of the waste stream.A typical materials recovery centre comprises of several buildings including receiving and processing waste from the producers or storing a short period inventory of conditioned waste as a warehouse. All the buildings are necessarily equipped with appropriate facilities for treating and conditioning the waste. The normalisation of the recycling centre strictly follows reference design certified by relevant agencies in order to achieve cost effective performance. Figure 2 below shows the recycling centre which can handle with a mixture of containers composed of crystal or colored glass, ferrous metals, aluminum tins and paper cartons. The force is similar to un-segregated MSW recycling facility. Pre-segregation occurs before waste is transmitted to the facility which indicates a higher recovery rate involved (Williams, 2005).Figure 2. Materials Recycling Facility. (Warmer Bulletin 59, 1998. Reproduced by permission of R.C. Strange)Materials recycling f acilities handles the segregated material streams with a range from 3 to 8 waste components, of particular materials which may be separated or mixed. By doing in this way, it will lower the contamination degree while increase the recycling rates. The separation processes are generally classified into mechanical and manual separated operations. Many types of materials like corrugated cardboard which is already through the pre-segregating procedure will be delivered into the baler directly at the initial input stage. The stages of separation include trommel screening, magnetic separation, and manual sorting. Although mechanical separation processes are in wider applications, yet manual sorting procedure is still considered as a favored way to detach different waste especially like colored glasses or plastics. (Williams, 2005)ResultsIn this section will the result from data and literature research be presented. To be able to illustrate the result in an easy and logical way, will firs t the cost and benefits for incineration be shown and after that the cost and benefits for recycling in Stockholm. The final result from the full cost benefit slowness will be illustrated in a table.Costs for Incineration in Stockholm MunicipalityThe costs for incineration are assumed to be the costs for collection and transport of the household waste and the full cost for the incineration plant.Costs for Collection and TransportationAbout 35 employees are working in the waste management office in Stockholm municipality. Total population in Stockholm for 2009 is 829,417 according to the annual report of Stockholm municipality (Stockholms Stad, 2010). Weighed household waste at Hgdalenverken is 130 kr * 829,417 = 107,824,210 kr per year. The cost for collection, transport and removal of household waste is about 520 kr per person and year in Stockholm municipality according to annual report.Total costs for collection, transport and removal of household waste is equal to 520 kr * 829, 417 = 431,296,840 kr/yearCosts for Incineration PlantHgdalenverket has an annual capacity of treating about 700,000 ton waste and the share of MSW from Stockholm Municipality is 235,432 ton per year. In the study made by the Swedish Environmental Research Institute (IVL, 1999) is the total cost for an incineration plant about cd kr per ton. This information is to be found in table A6 in the IVL report from 1999.Cost Assumptions for Incineration Plants (IVL, 1999)Investment, Capacity0.68 * 145,000Depreciation time = 20 yearsPower (MW), Capacity * 0.38 * 10-3Employees, 10+(14.3*Power+200)0.5Maintenance and operational costs, 2.5% of the investmentChemicals and lime, 20 kr/ton wasteCapacity = plant capacity (ton/year)Interest rate = 5%With a total amount of waste that is 235,432 ton/year and a cost of about 400 kr/ton waste treated will the total cost per year be 400 kr/ton * 235,432 ton/year = 94,172,800 kr/year.The total cost for incineration according to the above calculations is a combination of costs for collection and transportation as well as costs for the incineration plant. Probably is it also some minor cost for handling the residues from the incineration but this cost was not possible to find.Total cost for incineration is 431,296,840 kr/year + 94,172,800 kr/year = 525,469,640 kr/year.Benefits for Incineration in Stockholm MunicipalityIn Stockholm are approximately 130,000 households using the district heating from Hgdalenverken and this district heating is generated from incineration of MSW (Fortum, 2009). The annual cost for every household is estimated to be about 18,960 kr/year. This is based on an annual energy usage of 21,000 kWh (Fortum, 2010a).The total cost for households (equals to benefits from district heating) will be 130,000 * 18,960 kr/year = 2,464,800,000 kr/year and this is the major part of the benefits from incineration.The other part is the electricity produced. According to Fortum homepage (Fortum, 2010) is the power output from t he plant 71 MW. There are two steam turbines with a power output of 27 MW and 44MW which gives a total of 71 MW. The calculation to convert it into kW is 71 MW * 1000 = 71,000 kW. The calculation of the produced electricity per year for Hgdalenverken is 71,000 kW * 24 hours/days * 365 days/year = 621,960,000 kWh/year.The assumed charge for electricity is collected at Fortum homepage (Fortum, 2010b) and the page Historiska elpriser. To calculate the total income from electricity we have used the average monthly electricity price from January 2009 to December 2009 and this is 44.815 re/kWh = 0.44815 kr/kWh. This average price is consequently multiplied with the total electricity produced for 2009 which gives 621,960,000 kWh/year * 0.44815 kr/kWh = 278,731,374 kr/year.The benefits from incineration is a combination of district heating and electricity produced in Hgdalenverket. Still is the part of waste coming from Stockholm municipality about 49% of the total production in Hgdalenve rket which gives 0.49 * (2,464,800,000 kr/year + 278,731,374 kr/year) = 1,344,330,373 kr/year.Costs for Recycling in Stockholm MunicipalityThe part of material recycling which includes packaging, electronic waste, as well as bulky waste collected as metal fraction in municipal recycling centers in Sweden was 1,586,600 ton for 2009, 169.9 kg per person and corresponds to 35.4 % of all treated household waste. because the total amount of recycling in Stockholm is 169.9 kg/person * 829,417 persons = 140,918 ton/year. This was calculated based on population size, see send back 1below.Table 1 The Amount of Recycling per Year in Stockholm (Avfall Sverige, 2010)SwedenStockholmMaterial recycling1,586,600 ton140,918 tonMaterial recycling per person169.9 kgPopulation9,354,462829,417The cost for waste management is in average 690 kr/person per year. It is possible to assume that the cost for recycling is 244 kr/person per year based on the charge of recycling 35.4% of total waste. The cost o f recycling is 244 kr/person * 829,417 = 202,377,748 kr/year, see Table 2.Table 2 The Cost of Recycling per Year in Stockholm (Avfall Sverige, 2010)1 person/yearPer yearCost for waste management690 krCost for recycling244 kr202,377,748 krRate of recycling of total waste35.4%Benefits for Recycling in Stockholm MunicipalityThe vast majority of recycling materials in Stockholm is generally categorized into 5 groups plastic, metal, paper, e-waste and glass. In the Swedish Waste Management report for 2010 (Avfall Sverige, 2010) is the explicit recycling data display as a Table 3 below.Table 3. Recycling Material Detail in Sweden 2009 (Avfall Sverige, 2010)Waste Typetonkg/personRecovery degree %Parliament recycling target %Newspaper piece Package899,00096.48570Office Paper118,00012.672Plastic44,4304.82770Glass177,30019.09070 coat Metal Package203.32021.87270E-waste143.85015.4According to municipal demographic statistic in 2009, the municipality of Stockholm holds a population of 829,41 7. Therefore, the waste statistic in Stockholm is as demonstrated in Table 4. One example of calculation is for Newspaper Paper Package where the kg/person is 96.4 and this times 829,417 equals 79,955,799 kg for a year.Table 4. Recycling Material Amount in Municipality of Stockholm 2009Waste TypeWaste Amount kgWaste Amount tonNewspaper Paper Package79,955,79979,956Office Paper10,450,65410,451Plastic22,394,25922,394Glass74,647,53074,648Metal Metal Package18,081,29118,081E-waste12,773,02212,773On basis of reports regarding cost benefit of waste recycling as well as statistics and some assumptions, economical market assess for these recycling materials are calculated, see Table 5.Table 5 Value of Recovered MaterialsWaste Type$ per tonNewspaper Paper Pack901Office Paper2571Plastic6501Glass751Metal Metal Package1,2002E-waste1,8903The calculation of total benefits is a combination of waste amount value from Table 4 and $ per ton value from Table 5. This gives 79,956*90 + 10,451*257 + 22,394*650 + 74,648*75 + 18,081*1,200 + 12,773*1,890 = 7,196,040 + 2,685,907 + 14,566,100 + 5,598,600 + 21,697,200 + 24,140,970 = 75,884,817 USD.The average USD rate vs. SEK is 7.634for 2009 and this gives a total benefits for recycling of 75,884,817 USD * 7.63 = 579,001,154 kr/year.Cost Benefit Analysis of Incineration vs. RecyclingThe total cost and benefits from calculations in the results chapter is illustrated in Table 6 below. It is clear that the financial profit from incineration is best compared to recycling in Stockholm municipality. The table also shows that the driver behind this result is the benefits generated by district heating from incineration. One important point to mention is that the total amount of waste for incineration is 235,432 ton/year and for recycling 140,918 ton/year.Table 6 Calculation of Cost and Benefits for Incineration and Recyclingkr/yearIncinerationRecyclingBenefits1,344,330,373579,001,154Costs 525,469,640 202,377,748Profit818,860,733 kr/year376 ,623,406 kr/yearExtended Cost Benefit AnalysisEnvironmental Impact from IncinerationIn spite of being an attractive technological option for waste management, incineration of MSW is the subject of debate around the world. Though incineration of MSW contribute to energy recovery through district heating and electricity, but in absence of efficient controls, pollutants may be discharged into air, land and water which may sour human health and environment.There are different ways of treating flue gases during the incineration process. Cyclones may be seen as an improved version of settling chamber. Their specific geometry increases particles repair as well as the probability they hit the cyclone walls. They can then fall down and being collected. Often used in parallel and it is then called multi-cyclones. Cyclones present several advantages as pre-treatment methods. Another alternative which can be combined with cyclone as pre-treatment is the use of electrostatic precipitator. Thes e expensive pieces of equipment are able to handle high temperature and may be a good ally of cyclones because of their high cleaning efficiency including very small particles. The removal of gaseous compounds such as acidic gases or nitrites requires the use of additional reagent such as activated carbon or limestone. Their prominence is mainly due to their low investment cost and implementation flexibility. They can indeed deal with various flow characteristics, including very wet and hot gases. Wet scrubbers are not without drawbacks (Persson, 2006).Environmental Impact from RecyclingIn general recycling is widely assumed to have a lower impact than producing new product from raw materials for all the waste items, see Table 7.Table 7. Impact of Recycling (Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology, 2005)Material% of Household WasteEnergyEmissionsRaw Material Saved per Ton RecycledPaper1828-70%95% less (airpollutants)Glass718% less30% less1.2Plastic7up to 66%less-1.8Cans (Fe)3 70% less86% less2.0Can (Al)395% less95% less4.0Based on Rebel recycling computer programme between 2003 and 2008, it is possible to calculate the following positive impact on the global environment from recycling in Stockholm, see Table 8.Table 8. confirming Impact of Recycling in Stockholm (University of Nevada, 2008)1 ton140,918 ton/yearTree Saved17 xl foot Douglas fir trees2,395,606 forty foot Douglas fir treesWater Saved7,000 gallons of water9,86426 gallons of waterAir Pollution Prevented60 pounds of air pollutants8,455,08 pounds of air pollutantsLandfil