Health And Social Care Policy Health And Social Care Essay

well-disposed, economical and industrial alterations sacrifice changed the forms of invigoration globally. Changes in diet and physical activity forms have been cardinal to the rise of obesity among many of the universe of discourse s the great unwashed. Obesity was traditionally seen as a disease of high-income states just now, b arly it is now replacing malnutrition and pathogenic diseases as a job exceeding social divides. Obesity carries a higher incidence of chronic un wellness including diabetes, bosom disease and malignant neoplastic disease. This paper will criti augury measure the flow UK and NI policies aimed at bring toing the obesity epidemic. There will overly be a word around definition of policies, function of causationities in health c atomic number 18fulness, grey-headed and current health c argon policies sing fleshiness in both Britain and Federal Ireland.The official computation for specifying fleshiness was circumscribe by the World health Organisation ( WHO ) where grownups are registered fleshy and weighty utilizing a expression of Body agglomerate Index or ( BMI ) , that is a individual s weight in kgs divided by the elevation in meters squared ( DWP, 2012 ) . The chief restraint with utilizing organic structure mass superpower as an index is that it does non separate fat mass from thin mass so a individual could be legal and have a low organic structure fat, but be clinically fleshy if they have a high plenty BMI. A individual is thought to be everywhereweight if they have a BMI of 25.0 or more and heavy if the BMI is 30.0 or more. Fleshiness has three categorizationsa? course of instruction 1 BMI 30 to 34.9 ( waist margin 102cm asset for males and 88cm asset for females ) . Person is categorised as corpulencea? Class 2 BMI 35 to 39.9. Person is classed as corpulenta? Class 3 BMI 40 and over. Is when a individual with a BMI of 40+ is said to be morbidly corpulent ( WHO, 2012 ) . indemnity originates from the authorities that are in power, who are besides the legal authorization and have a incline and counsel over all indemnity whether they be private or ordinary ( Crinson, 2009 ) . Harmonizing to Crinson 2009 wellness policy is hypothesised in footings of large and micro societal developments, with the macro degree reading the working of societal and formal constructions, such(prenominal) as the economic context of the province and the market, and the National Health Service ( NHS ) . The micro side focuses on the define of policy from the degree of the health business organisation professionals and the experience of the users ( Crinson, 2009 ) .Policy qualification, harmonizing to a White Paper publish by the Labour organization in 1999 provinces that it is a method in which a authorities project their political vision into programmes and actions in order to do alterations that are required and wanted by the population ( Cabinet procedure, 1999 ) . It was besides focused on modernizing the authorities scheme ( Cabinet Office, 1999a ) and the demand for more comprehensive and reactive policy s linked to people s demands. It planned to vouch that policy devising was to go more forward thought and evidence-establish, every bit good as right assessed and based on best pattern. It went on to observe the demand for improved grounds when addressing policy devising and to warranty a more joined-up attack across authorities sections and bureaus ( Cabinet Office, 1999 ) .Harmonizing to the World Health Organisation health policy signifies determinations, programs and actions that are started in order to make elaborate health worry ends within a society. It goes on to observe that and clear and string policy discount sketch an thought for the hereafter whilst helps to set up aims and points of orientation. A wellness policy can besides assist to plan a imitate and construct understanding in add-on to informing people ( WHO, 2006 ) .There are three car dinal policies countries within the department of Health and they are National Health ( NH ) , Public Health ( PH ) , and brotherly Care ( SC ) ( Kouv angiotensin converting enzymen, 2012 ) . The current theory has two dissimilar backgrounds the runner is a public policy analysis that is favoured by the United States and Northern Ireland. The 2nd is favoured in the United Kingdom and is a societal policy theoretical construction ( Kouvonen, 2012 ) .Policies are in black marketed to better on current commissariats in wellness and societal attention in the UK and purpose to vouch services that are funded or supported by the Department of Health are delivered in an unfastened and patient-centred manner ( www.dh.gov.uk ) . This was non ever the instance, as harmonizing to Crinson authoritiess were apathetic to the eccentric person of attention delivered within the healthcare service that was the concern of the physician. This was to alter in the 1970s when the economic establishm ent declined and r unconstipatedue enhancement gross was reduced ( Crinson, 2009 ) .The axial rotation of the province in supplying wellness and public assistance to the public harmonizing to Crinson 2009 takes the position that there are five diverse conceptualizations and they echo differences surrounded by political and conceptual actions of the function that the province should play when rangeing wellness and public assistance services ( Crinson, 2009 ) . The author goes on to give illustrations of these conceptualizations one of which is the neoliberal prospective that bringd the alteration in the wellness and societal public assistance policies of the Thatcher Government in the 1980s ( Crinson, 2009 ) . In the Political-Economic Critique, harmonizing to OConnor et Al welfarism serves to construct consent for capitalist frugality through with(predicate) the procedure of spliting the population into groups with specific demands. This he notes had the consequence of individ ualizing what are widespread societal and wellness jobs associates with life in a capitalist s society ( Gough, 1979 ) .In a paper by David Berreby in which he asks the inquiry, why do people acquire fat and hazard major wellness job? , He believes the reply to this inquiry is capitalist economy and sites it as the chief cause of world-wide fleshiness ( Berreby, 2012 ) . Conversely in a programme series aired on the BBC on the eleventh July 2012 the sensitivesman Jacques Peretti reports that our eating wonts were changed by a determination made in the States 40 elder ages ago. Peretti travelled to America to analyze the narrative of high-fructose maize sirup ( HFCS ) a calorie-providing sweetening used to change taste nutrients and drinks, chiefly processed and shop-bought nutrients. The sweetening was backed in America in the 1970s by Richard Nixon s agriculture decision maker Earl Butz to utilize extra maize grown by husbandmans. Cheap and sweeter than sugar, it cursorily foun d its manner into about all convenience nutrients and soft drinks. HFCS is non merely sweeter than sugar it besides inhibits leptin, the endocrine gland that controls hunger, ensuing in the inability to halt feeding ( BBC, 2012 ) . This was backed up by grounds from Robert Lustrig an endocrinologist, who harmonizing to this study, was the first to place the dangers of high-fructose maize sirup ( HFCS ) . His findings nevertheless, were discredited at the clip. and a US Congress study sited fat, non sugar, for the cast down rise in cardio-vascular unwellness and the nutrient industry responded with a series of low fat and titty healthy nutrients in which the fat was removed. ( BBC, 2012 ) . Policy shapers encouraged husbandmans to overproduce maize and soy with the promise of unknown trade ( Philpott, 2008 ) .It was besides in the seventiess that Britain s nutrient industries used publicizing thrusts to promote the thought of noshing among repasts. A fast nutrient civilization besides developed and fast nutrient ironss offered alluring nutrients and clients served themselves, and harmonizing to Ritzer this was the get-go of McDonaldization of Society. He goes on to compose how fast nutrient eating house contribute to the development of fleshiness and it accent on supersizing its parts ( Ritzer, 2004 ) .Conversely poorness increased in the 1970s under Thatcher Government and harmonizing to the Institute for Fiscal Studies in 1979 13.40 % of people in Britain lived below 60 % on average income to begin with lodging costs. With this came a large rise in inequality and under the gini mark for Britain was up to 0.339 from 0.253 ( pony, et al 2012 ) .Due to the comorbidities associated with fleshiness and their increasing cost to the NHS, the effects of fleshiness are presently and will go on to be of import public wellness challenges globally and in the UK. It impacts through society and across all life classs, and can increase the hazard of life endangerin g disease ( Kouvonen, 2012 ) .Appendix 1.Presently there is a model in Northern Ireland titled A Fitter Future for all told , this docket spans from 2012 to 2022. inside this paper it explains that in Northern Ireland 59 % of grownups are either fleshy ( 36 % ) or corpulent ( 23 % ) ( DHSSPSNI, 2012 ) . This policy addresses the demand to move from childhood based on grounds from the Foresight bill 2007, and is now a cross sectorial cohesive life class docket that will hand to fleshiness over the following 10 old ages ( Foresight check up on, 2012 ) . The Department of Health has published a follow-on papers to the Public Health White Paper called Healthy lives, healthy people A call to action on fleshiness in England , which sets new national thrusts for a falling tendency in extra weight by 2020. The Undertaking Fleshinesss Future Choices undertaking presented its findings on 17 October 2007 and the Undertaking aims to present a exe strokeable response to fleshiness in the U K over the following 40 old ages. It besides sets out illustrations of what is intended on a national degree to assist dispute fleshiness, one of these is called Change4life programme. In this programme it states it will assist consumers make healthier nutrient picks ( www.dh.gov.uk ) . This could be linked to Professor Marmot point, when he discussed behavioral picks as persons such as where to shop for nutrient, and how these determinations are dictated by the person s socio-economic circumstance, and if they can afford the recommended good nutrient ( UCL Institute of Health Equity, 2012 ) .A fitter Future for All and Healthy Lifes, healthy people are policies that both the British and Northern Ireland authorities support, but there are wider determiners of hapless wellness such as poorness and inequalities that play an of import function in fleshiness ( HM Government, 2010 ) . It could be argued that while policies such as these are aiming the causes of fleshiness, they are non actively seeking out realistic solutions to the job people may cognize they need to eat healthier, but merely can non afford to purchase the better nutrient.In developing states rates of fleshiness are abandoned to lift, and this is associated with romping societal disadvantage turn toing societal want and material disadvantage is likely to cut down fleshiness ( Kouvonen. 2012 ) .Socio-economic category as a factor in wellness is non a new phoneme in the United Kingdom, as it has a history of many 100s of old ages. Harmonizing to Edwin Chadwick s study on healthful conditions of the laboring population in Britain in 1842 showed that in Liverpool the mean age of mortality for people in the upper categories was 35 old ages, and 15 old ages for labor and retainers ( Richardson, 2008 ) . Inequalities understood exist today, but have improved and in the Black study published in 1980 it states that there are still inequalities with respect to life anticipation and the usage of medic al services ( Whitehead et al, 1992 ) .Harmonizing to the Foresight study ( 2007 ) a authorities scientific discipline think armored combat vehicle reported that most grownups are already overweight. It goes on to observe that modern life will guarantee that approaching coevalss will be heavier than the last, and by 2050, 60 % of work forces and 50 % of adult females possibly clinically corpulent. The study besides states the fleshiness is a many-sided and there is no grounds anyplace in the universe where fleshiness has reversed. Social policy models are overriding harmonizing to this study ( Foresight Review, 2012 ) .The Marmot advertise the 3rd such officially pass analysis in every bit many decennaries examining the nexus between wellness and wealth. The findings confirmed an dismaying societal slope, the hapless non merely decease seven old ages earlier than the rich, but they can previse to go handicapped 17 old ages earlier. Professor Marmot continues to discourse behavior al picks we make as persons are portion of our societal and economic scenes. He believes that people born into more flush surroundings tend to follow a healthy life style, ensuing in health care differences between the societal categories ( UCL Institute of Health Equity, 2012 ) .In 2011 the Chief medical Officers ( CMOs ) from across the UK published new schemes for physical activity, and they intercommunicate a life class methodological analysis, and included guidelines for early old ages ( www.ic.nhs.uk ) . It could be argued this is a compensate policy and it is widely known that poorer people have limited picks with respects to lifestyle picks such as gym ranks. Besides the study appears to put the duty of exercising on the person. Peoples from poorer socio-economic backgrounds have poorer lodging and environments that do nt promote physical exercising which could be due to societal civilization of where these people live and wishing of resources ( UCL Institute of Health Eq uity, 2012 ) . Addressing fleshy kids that become corpulent in ulterior life was issue raised by Dr Hilary Jones on Good Morning Britain, when he stated that fleshiness begins in childhood. He went on to state that the National Health Service and the Government know causes of fleshiness but actively foreclose it in childhood demands to be addressed ( www.gm.tv ) .Prevention of fleshiness is more accomplishable end than turn toing fleshiness when it becomes established, as some wellness jobs that are acquired through fleshiness remain an issue even after weight loss. Therefore authorities policies are largely directed at primary forefend of fleshiness such as eating good, exercising and no smoke ( Kouvonen, 2012 ) .Social determiners of wellness are besides a cardinal factor in fleshiness in both kids and grownups. Harmonizing to the World Health Organisation the societal conditions in which people live are paramount to their wellness. It goes on to observe that deprivation of in come, hapless lodging and deficiency of entree to healthcare installations are merely some of the factors taking to inequalities ( www.who.int ) . medical exam attention on its ain can non adequately better person s wellness and turn toing where people live and work is besides of import The societal determiners of wellness are the upstream societal, economic, and environmental factors that affect the wellness of persons and populations, including income, societal support, instruction and literacy, employment and working conditions. Downstream determiners, which include physical activity, slap-up air and H2O and healthy lodging. These factors can act upon wellness inequalities difference between societal groups that can ensue in fleshiness in poorer countries ( Kouvonen, 2012 ) .Incidents of Childhood fleshiness are higher in countries with a lower socioeconomic population harmonizing to National Health Service Information Centre study on fleshiness. It besides states that fleshin ess is more widespread in schools in deprived countries. It besides noted that with response kids ( kids in the primary school age group ) 6.9 % of those in least disadvantaged countries were corpulent, in compare to 12.1 per centum of kids in most disadvantaged countries ( www.ic.nhs.uk ) .In Northern Ireland statistics show that 8 per centum of kids ages between 2 and 15 old ages are corpulent, harmonizing to the Health Minister Edwin Poots. The wellness Minister went on to state that the likeliness of corpulent kids become corpulent grownups was likely this would set greater strain on the wellness and societal attention services due to the comorbidities associated with the status ( Northern Ireland Executive, 2012 ) .Governments province that wellness policies are micro driven, but in world it could be argued that they are macro driven as ultimately fleshiness will be more in the long tally due to fleshiness related unwellness such as diabetes and heat disease, and harmonizing to NHS website the cost will be ?4.20 billion per twelvemonth ( HM Government ) . Undertaking fleshiness is a challenge for non merely the UK, but globally and harmonizing to the Department of Health and Social Services Northern Ireland web site, corpulence and fleshiness will catch malnutrition and infective disease in footings of their cost to the wellness services and people enduring from the status ( www.dhsspsni.gov.uk ) . Appendix 2.It was non until 1999 that fleshiness was declared an epidemic in America and was considered to impact all racial groups and across all ages in United States ( National Medical Association, 1999 ) . Harmonizing to the instruction published there was an addition from 12 % to 18 % over a seven twelvemonth point in time utilizing a organic structure mass index ( BMI ) that was greater than 30 ( National Medical Association, 1999 ) . historically obesity rates were low and unaffected until 1970s and 80s, and the obesogentic environment ( an environm ent that encourages and leads to fleshiness in persons that relates to the influence that contribute towards fleshiness such as nutrient, physical activity and environment. Many broader determiners of hapless wellness such as wellness inequalities, poorness and want play a important function, and these factors have non swayed over the old ages. In pre-war Britain big differences in mortality and morbidity degrees between rich and hapless were recognised as the norm by policy shapers. It was the debut of the National Health Service in the fortiess that brought with it hope that the societal category differences impacting wellness would worsen. It was nt until the seventiess that the Marmot Report stated people s life style and fortunes have a direct consequence on their wellness ( Crinson, 2009 ) .The wellness deductions from fleshiness are huge and can in the end ensue in a premature decease. Although fleshiness is caused by consumption of more energy through nutrient and drink tha n needed and the ensuing extra stored in fat in the organic structure, the position that obesogenic environment besides plays a portion in fleshiness is going widely accepted. Social and economic fortunes are besides evaluated in this paper as are the function of authoritiess and policy shapers, both in the United Kingdom and Northern Ireland. The overall position of this paper would be that policies are made by persons that have no penetration into what portion of society they are directed at such as disadvantaged and socio-economic countries that lack the agency and installations whereby persons feel that their part to society is valued and of import sufficiency for them to care about their ain well-being. Policies are non directed at one specific group such and the one size fits all does nt look to be working as fleshiness is now a winding epidemic.BibliographyBBC ( 2012 ) The Work force who made us fat episode 3 , accessible at www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01kd06l ( Accessed 06/ 11/2012 20.05 )Berreby, David. ( 2012 ) . Is Capitalism To Blame for Worldwide Obesity? Available athypertext transfer of trainingee protocol //bigthink.com/Mind-Matters/is-capitalism-to-blame-for-worldwide-obesity ( Accessed 5/11/2012 )Braveman, Paula. Egeter, Susan. Williams, R. William ( 2011 ) The Social Determinants of Health Coming of Age , Annual Review of Public Health, Vol. 32 381-98Cabinet Office ( 1999 ) Modernising Government White Paper available at hypertext transfer protocol //www.archive.official-documents.co.uk/document/cm43/4310/4310.htm ( accessed 05/11/2012 )Crib et Al ( 2012 ) Briefing Notes on Jubilees compared incomes, disbursement and work in the late seventiess and early 2010s , available at hypertext transfer protocol //www.ifs.org.uk/publications/6190 ( Accessed 12/11/2012 )Crinson, Iain ( 2009 ) Health Policy, a critical prospective , SAGE, LondonDepartment of Health Public wellness ( 2012 ) Adult societal attention, and the NHS Obesity Document , available at www.dh.gov.uk/health/category/policy-areas/public-health/obesity-healthy-living ( Accessed 10/11/2012 )Department of Works & A Pensions ( 2011 ) Causes of Obesity available at, hypertext transfer protocol //www.dwp.gov.uk/publications/specialist-guides/medical-conditions/a-z-of-medical-conditions/obesity ( Accessed 05/11/2012 )Department for Works & A Pensions ( 2011 ) Definition of Overweight and Obesity available at, hypertext transfer protocol //www.dwp.gov.uk/publications/specialist-guides/medical-conditions/a-z-of-medical-conditions/obesity ( Accessed 05/11/2012 )DHSSPSNI ( 2012 ) Framework for Preventing and Addressing Overweight and Obesity in Northern Ireland 2012-2022 , available at hypertext transfer protocol //www.dhsspsni.gov.uk/framework-preventing-addressing-overweight-obesity-ni-2012-2022.pdf ( accessed 8/11/2012 )DHSSPSNI ( 2011 ) Safety, Quality and Standards Safety and Quality Policy Document available at www.dhsspsni.gov.uk/index/phealth/sqs .htm ( Accessed 6/11/2012 )Foresight Review ( 2012 ) www.foresightreport.com ( Accessed 08/11/2012 9.50 )GMTV ( 2012 ) www.gm.tv.uk ( Viewed 07/11/2012 7.47 )Gough, I. ( 1979 ) The Political miserliness of the Welfare State , Macmillan, BasingstokeHM Government ( 2010 ) Healthy Lifes, Healthy Peoples Our Strategy for Public Health in England , available at www.official-documents.gov.uk ( accessed 10/11/2012 )NHS Information Centre ( 2011 ) Statistics on Obesity, Physical Activity and viands England , available at hypertext transfer protocol //www.ic.nhs.uk/webfiles/publications/003_Health_Lifestyles/opad11/Statistics_on_Obesity_Physical_Activity_and_Diet_England_2011_revised_Aug11.pdf ( Accessed 08/11/2012 8.25 )NHS Information Centre ( 2011 ) Obesity Rising Among cerebrate Year Primary School Children , available at www.ic.nhs.uk/ncmp ( Accessed 10/11/2012 20.55 )Kouvonen, Dr A. ( 2012 ) What is Health Policy? , blab out Notes workweek 1 Lecture 2Kouvonen, Dr A. ( 201 2 ) Current Issues in Health Policy Obesity , Week 4 Lecture 2National Medical Association ( 1999 ) Obesity Declared an Epidemic in the United States ,J Natl Med Assoc. 1999 December 91 ( 12 ) 645 PMCID PMC2608606Northern Ireland Executive ( 2012 ) available at hypertext transfer protocol //www.northernireland.gov.uk/index/media-centre/news-departments/news-dhssps/news-dhssps-08032012-obesity-cuts-life.htm ( Accessed 08/11/2012 20.15 )Philpott, T ( 2008 ) A Contemplation of the Lasing Legacy of the 1970s USDA deposit Earl Butz available at hypertext transfer protocol //grist.org/article/the-butz-stops-here ( Accessed 7/11/2012 )Richardson, W.B. ( 2008 ) The Health of Nations A Review of the Works of Edwin Chadwick , Volume I. BiblioLife, LLCRitzer, G. ( 2004 ) The McDonaldization of Society , SAGE, CaliforniaUCL Institute of Health Equity ( 2012 ) Strategic Review of Health Inequalities in England Post-2010 ( The Marmot Review ) , available at www.marmotreview.org ( Access ed 9/11/2012 )Whitehead, M. , Townsend, P. , Davidson, N. , Daivdsen, N. , ( 1992 ) Inequalities in Health The Black Report and the Health Divide , Penguin Books Ltd New edition ( 29 Oct 1992 )World Health Organisation ( 2006 ) Commission on Social Determinants of Health , available at www.who.int/social_determinants/resources/csdh_brochure.pdf ( Accessed 09/11/2012 17.56 )World Health Organisation ( 2012 ) Health Policy , available at www.who.int/topics/health_policy/en/ ( Accessed 05/11/2012 8.50 )World Health Organisation ( 2012 ) Obesity , available at www.who.int/topics/obesity/en/ ( Accessed 05/11/2012 17.43 )Appendix 1