Communicable Diseases Essay Example for Free

inherited Diseases EssayImprovement in the wellness status of the population has been matchless of the major thrust areas for the genial victimisation programmes of the country. This was to be achieved by dint of improving the advance to and utilization of health, Family eudaemonia and Nutrition Services with peculiar(prenominal) focus on downstairs served and under privileged segment of population. Main responsibility of al-Qaida and manpower building rests with the aver G overnment supplemented by funds from the Central government activity and external assistance. Major affection check into programmes and the Family Welfare Programmes are funded by the Centre (some with assistance from external agencies) and are implemented with the State infrastructure. The food supplementation programmes for mothers and children are funded by the State and implemented through the ICDS infrastructure funded by the Central governance. Safe drinking peeing and environmental sanitation are essential pre-requisites for health. Initially these dickens activities were funded by the health De carve upment, but subsequently Dept. of Urban and Rural Development and Dept. of Environment fund these activities two in the State and Centre. health and health care development has non been a priority of the Indian state.This is reflected in two strong facts. One, the low level of investment and allocation of resources to the health sector over the forms approximately one percent of GDP with clear declining trends over the last decade. And second the loose and very rapid development of an unregulated private health sector, peculiarly in the last two decades.This does not mean that there was no health indemnity all these course of studys. At the state brass level there is no evidence of any policy enterprises in the health sector. The Central regimen through the Council of health and Family Welfare and various Committee recommendations has shaped hea lth policy and planning in India. It has directed this through the Five Year Plans through which it executes its decisions. The entire approach has been program based. The Centre designs case programs and the states oblige to just accept them. The Centre assures this through the fiscal agree it has in distribution of resources.So, fundamentally what is a state subject the Centre takes major decisions. However it is important to note that this Central control is largely over preventive and promotive programs like the Disease Control programs, MCH and Family Planning, which together account for between half and two-thirds of state budgets. Curative care, that is hospital and dispensaries, has not been an area of Central influence and in this area investments view come mostly from the states own resources. Structured health policy devising and health planning in India is not a post-independence phenomena. In fact, the most comprehensive health policy and plan document ever prepa red in India was on the eve of Independence in 1946. especially the 80% population residing in rural areas. It is lone(prenominal) an embarrassment for the Indian nation that much than half a century later there is no evidence of development of health care function to an expected level.The enclave pattern of development of the health sector continues even today the paltry, the villagers, women and other underprivileged sections of society, in other words the majority, still do not bugger off access to affordable basic health care of any credible quality. This inquiry Paper includes analysis of existing wellness Planning and the development of health status of the society in the past decade 2001 to 2011 . Census of India 2001 and Census of India 2011 used. Decline of profusion rate,Maternal Mortality rate ,Infant Mortality rate and other developments are studied .At the same time Upgrowing slide of fatality of some communicable diseases (Dengue,Malaria,Cholera) and Noncommun icable Diseases (Heart Diseases,Diabetic ) are too studied and analysed in this paper.Key terminology Health planning,development,IMR,MMR,TFR,Upgrowing CDs and NCDsDiseases.Health planning and policies Good health is a basic requirement for quality of manners. It is the knowledgeability for social and economic development. The objective of the government is to ensure that health care operate are rendered, memory in view the core principles of accessibility, equity, quality and affordability. This allow for be accomplished through strengthening of the health care network throughout the state to deliver not only curative but in any case preventive and rehabilitative care. To achieve the above objectives, the budget allocation of the Health and Family Welfare part has been doctor at Rs 5569.28 crores for the financial year 2012-13 as against the formulation of Rs.3889 crores for the year 2010-11 registering an increase of more than 40%.Tamil Nadu fares well on the health in dicators which form a part of the Human Development Index (HDI) as compared to other Indian states. administration policy interventions and funding catch played an important role in the States better health outcomes. Tamil Nadu has implemented various programmes with special focus on motherlike and child health which has resulted in the reduction of vital indicators such as the Maternal Mortality proportionality (MMR), Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) and Total Fertility Rate (TFR). However, the state leavecontinue its efforts to ameliorate its performance in the health sector by benchmarking itself against amplyer targets. The recently released pot 2023 envisages Tamil Nadu to become not only the numero uno State in India in terms of social indicators, but also reach the levels attained by developed countries in human development by ensuring universal access to health facilitiesThis Government allow continue to give prominence to the health of women and children. Promotion of institutional deliveries by strengthening the Primary Health Centres and Health Sub-Centres with qualified and trained manpower, establishment of upgraded Primary Health Centres in each block with 30 beds, an operation theatre and various other facilities, provision of 24 hours delivery care services by positioning 3 staff nurses in each Primary Health Centre, provision of emergency obstetric care in the CEmONC Centres established in the district and select taluk hospitals, ensuring availability of an Emergency Response system through 108 ambulances with inter facility transfer, provision of safe blood at the upgraded Primary Health Centres, provision of neo-natal ambulances for the transportation of neo-natal emergencies, establishment of Neo-natal Intensive Care Units (NICUs) with trained Doctors and Staff Nurses in each district are all escapes which would no doubt help to achieve good progress in the further reduction of MMR and IMR, in the coming years.The benefit under the Dr.Muthulakshmi Reddy Maternity Benefit Assistance Scheme has been enhanced to Rs.12,000, which is the toweringest in the country. This has come as a boon to the poor beneficiaries who deliver in government health facilities. The cardinal phase payment has also strengthened antenatal, postnatal care and improved child immunization. The scheme would have a major collision on further improving the maternal and child health indicators in the State. An allocation of Rs.720 crores has been provided for this scheme in 2012-2013. This Government has announced a path breaking new scheme for free distribution of sanitary napkins to rural adolescent girls. This scheme which has been launched by the Honble Chief Minister on 27th butt on 2012, will benefit over 41 lakh adolescent girls in the 10-19 age group in rural areas covering all the districts of the state. Sanitary napkins will be distributed through schools and Anganwadis.This initiative will go a long way to improve personal hygie ne, prevent future complications such as infertility and promote the health of the future mothers. An amount of Rs.55 crores has been provided for this scheme in this financial year. State-wide programmes have been launched for the management of iron deficiency anaemia and gestational diabetes. The State has been the first to introduce the use of shot iron sucrose in the public sector for reducing severe anaemia in gravid women following a protocol developed by senior obstetricians and specialists. Addressing these major underlying causes will no doubt help to reduce maternal morbidity and mortality rate further. The Chief Ministers panoptic Health Insurance Scheme has been launched on 11th January 2012 to provide insurance coverage for liveness operose ailments to the poor people of Tamil Nadu. This scheme has enhanced the sum assured to rupees one lakh per year and Rs.4 lakhs for a period of four years and has also extended the coverage to more diseases and included symptomat ic procedures. Special provisions have also been incorporated to strengthen the role of Government hospitals in implementing the scheme. So far, 26,172 beneficiaries have undergone interferences monetary valueing Rs.70.53 crores.A sum of Rs.750 crores has been provided for the implementation of this scheme in 2012-2013. As new initiatives, during 2012-2013, the infrastructure for operation theatres in district and medical college hospitals will be improved at a cost of Rs.20 crores. Post-mortem facilities will be improved at a cost of Rs.10 crores. To improve the services available to the public, diagnostic equipment will be provided at a cost of Rs.10 crores and MRI facilities will be provided in 5 medical exam Colleges through Public Private Partnership. The Burns centre in Kilpauk Medical College Hospital will be upgraded as a Centre of Excellence at a cost of Rs.5 crores. The incidence of genus malignant neoplastic disease as a disease hasgradually been increasing and it has become a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the State. A State Cancer Registry to collect details of all the pubic louse cases in the State will be put in place fromthis year. Further, most forms of cancer are treatable if discover early.Seventy percent of various types of patients seek treatment in an advanced stage. There is only one exclusive cancer hospital in the Government sector i.e. Arignar Anna Cancer Hospital at Karapettai, Kancheepuram is providing treatment to the patients. Considering the increasing need for specialized cancer care, Government has decided to establish Regional Cancer Centres at the Government Rajaji Hospital, Madurai and Coimbatore Medical College Hospital at a cost of Rs.15 crores per centre. These cancer centres will address the of necessity of the cancer patients in the Southern and Western region of the State. A new programme to screen the high risk population for oral cancer and to diagnose it at an early stage will also be launched. The King Institute of Preventive Medicine and seek, Guindy, Chennai, is one of the premier institutions of this country. It is also a pedagogy and question centre.The Virology department of this Institute is recognized by Government of India and the World Health Organisation as the National Polio Laboratory. This institute was manufacturing vaccinums and serum which was stopped some years back. It is now proposed to revive the vaccine production and create a Tissue bank in the KingInstitute of Preventive Medicine and Research, Guindy, Chennai, at a cost of Rs.5 crores. Special focus will be provided on non communicable diseases like diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases and cancer of breast and cervix which are emerging as major causes of morbidity and mortality. A two ramous strategy wil be adopted to tackle these diseases. While awareness creation for prevention through life style changes will be taken up at various levels, infrastructure facilities for early undercove r work and treatment will be created. After the success of the pilot schemes in two districts, this activity has been scale up to the entire State in phases.During phase -I, the programme has been taken up for implementation in 16 districts and during phase-II, the programme will be implemented in the remaining 16 Districts during the later part of the year. Rs.158 crores has been earmarked to the Health Systems Project for implementing the programmes during this year. Considering the growing urbanization of the State it is necessary to address urban health challenges, especially in small urban towns. 60 urban primary health centres already sanctioned under NRHM and the newly sanctioned 75 urban primary health centres have been brought under the control of man age director of Public Health and Preventive Medicine. Strengthening of these centres with appointment of Medical Officers, Staff Nurses, ANMs, Pharmacists etc., is now taking place. The Medical Services Recruitment Board, w hich is the first of its kind in India, has been formed exclusively for the Health and Family Welfare segment to recruit candidates to fill up medical and para medical vacancies in the Government Hospitals and Primary Health Centres.The Board is taking action to recruit candidates for ten major categories of posts which will no doubt improve the functioning of the government health institutions.The objective of Vision 2023 is to build a healthy society that will be able to take part in and share the fruits of economic development. The various schemes launched by this Government during the last year and the new schemes proposed now for this year would build a beginning to achieve the objectives of the Vision 2023.This includes Rs.5413.75 crores on the Revenue Account and Rs.154.62 crores on the Capital Account. The provision on the Revenue Account work out to 5.51% of the total Revenue Expenditure of Rs.98213.85 crores in the Tamil Nadu State Budget for the year 2012 -2013. denoun ce Apart from the above provision, funds towards Civil Works being undertaken by Public Works Department have been provided to the tune of Rs.323.68 crores under take No.39. The Directorate-wise provision for 2012-2013 made under Demand No.19 Health and Family Welfare Department is as follows (Rupees in lakhs)Decadal Population growing rate as manoeuvern below authorized spot of Communicable Diseases in IndiaIndia is undergoing an epidemiologic, demo-graphic and health transition. The expectancy of life has increased, with consequent rise in degenerative diseases of aging and life-styles. Nevertheless, communicable diseases are still dominant and constitute major public health issues. in the raw viral and bacterial infections have been identified. Monitoring of anti-microbial resistance to commonly used drugs is being extended to include more organisms. Disease surveillance at the molecular level has been expanded and strengthened. Studies to assess disease burden not only in terms of morbidity and mortality but also economic are high on the Councils agenda. Feasibility of effective strategies under field conditions for control of septic diseases is being demonstrated. Research support to eradicate target diseases has been intensified. Development and evaluation of diagnostic tools, drugs and vaccines is being undertaken.Programme relevant query to strengthen the national health programmes and human resource development are an integral part of the efforts of the Council towards control of communicable diseases. It is evident that inspite of the declining mortality and changing morbidity pattern, India still has the unfinished agenda of combating the traditional infectious diseases that continue to contribute to a heavy disease burden and take a sizeable toll. on with these, the country has to deal with the emerging agenda which includes chronic and newer diseases induced by the changing age structure, changing lifestyles and environmental pollution. We need to prepare ourselves to face the challenges of widening disparities between sections of the population in terms of access to good health. Till date, the diseases we have been able to eradicate in India are smallpox (in 1977) and guinea rick (in 2001) though we have many more in the agenda (polio, leprosy, yaws).Diseases like yaws and pestilence have been under control. During 1997, as many as 8515 cases of yaws were describe and tough. While during 2001, only 168 cases have been inform and treated4 i.e. 50 times reduction in four years time. Epidemics of cholera are not that shop as in old days. Reported cases of cholera were 176,307 with 86,997 deaths in 1950.1 However, now total number of cases in a year is about 5,000 and mortality is also low. Dengue was predominantly an urban problem but now cases and outbreaks have been reported from rural areas also. There has been a decline in dengue feverishness/dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) incidence after 1996 outbreak in Delhi. However during 2001, outbreaks have been reported from Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Gujurat.4 Malaria is still a public health problem till today.The programme for eradication of malaria has been in place for the past 50 years under different names in our country. At the throwaway level of the success of programme in 1964, malaria was contained to less than 100,000 cases and no deaths. However, the situation slipped out of control and by 1976 we had 6,467,215 cases of malaria with 99 deaths.4 The total number of leprosy cases has dropped substantially from 2.91 million in 1981 to 0.44 million cases reported in March 2002. The prevalence rate has reduced from 57 per 10,000 in 1981 to 4.2 cases per 10,000 population in 2002. However, it is still much higher(prenominal) than the target, which is 1 case per 10,000 populations, of National Leprosy Elimination Programme. With these limited progresses, we have failed on many counts. Some diseases, which were at once though t to have been conquered, have re-emerged in the recent years.Plague, which was a public health problem in the 1940s, speedily declined as a result of large scale application of dichlorodiphenyl- trichloroethane (DDT) in the year 1946.There was no laboratory confirmed plague in India during 1966 to 1993. However, during 1994, an outbreak of pneumonicplague was reported from Surat, Gujarat. Recently, in February 2002, an outbreak of plague was reported from Shimla, terabyte Tuberculosis accounts for a loss of approximately 11 million disability set life years (DALYs).The burden of disease may increase further with the emergence of the HIV epidemic. The rewrite National TB Control Programme (RNTCP) which covers more than 120 million population has successfully treated approximately 80% of patients in 48 districts of 16 states and Union Territories. Treatment success rates have more than doubled and death rates have decreased by 75 per cent. The ICMRs Tuberculosis Research Centre ( TRC) at Chennai is providing research support to the RNTCP through the conduct of basic, applied and operational research to develop better tools and training strategies for tuberculosis control.Diarrhoeal DiseasesThe National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (NICED), Calcutta and RMRC, Bhuban-eswar keep to pursue their research goals on different facets of diarrhoeal diseases. The NICED, Calcutta has earned an important affiliation with the Japanese foreign Collaborating Programme. Its active surveillance programme continues to monitor the newly emerging diarrhoeal pathogens Entamoeba histolytica,Rotavirus,Vibrio cholera and V.parahaemolyticus and addresses unknown frontiers in clinical diagnosis and disease management.A double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial was conducted by NICED,. These results suggest that zinc supplementation as an adjunct therapy to ORS has beneficial effects on the clinical course of dehydrating acute diarrhoea.MalariaThe emergence of chloroquin resistance in P.falciparum and vector resistance to commonly used insecticides are the main obstacles in the control of malaria in the country. New technologies are being introduced for malaria control under Enhanced Malaria Control Programme. The roll back malaria programme has been launched concurrently in all malaria endemic countries. These have thrown new challenges in malaria research. The Councils institutes viz. Malaria Research Centre (MRC), Vector Control Research Centre (VCRC) and other institutes are making efforts to address these problems through focused research in vector and parasite biology and ecology, development of malaria control tools, drug development, test and validation of new technologies.Disease Control Programmes Non Communicable DiseasesNational Programme of stripe Control of Cancer, Diabetes, cardiovascular Diseases touch Programme (NPCDCS) . A new National Programme of Prevention Control of Cancer, Diabetes, and Cardiovascular Disea ses Stroke (NPCDCS) was approved in July, 2010. This programme will cover 100 districts selected on the basis of their backwardness, inaccessibility and poor health indicators, spread over 21 States, during 2010-11 and 2011-12. The focus of the programme is on promotion of healthy life styles, early diagnosis and management of diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases and common cancers e.g. cervix cancer, breast cancer, and oral cancer and will cover about 200 million persons in all the districts.ConclusionOur findings clearly establish the significant influence of the various Health planning studied on the health status of the society. They also show that this influence was more pronounced in the case of some health indicators maternal mortality rate,population growth rate, death rate, infant mortality rate than some communicable diseases survilance. The findings suggest that appropriate strategies and programmes need to be worked out to prevent CDs and control NCDs. especi ally to avoid upgrowing trend of some diseases like acute respiratory infection ,acute diarrhoeal disease,pulmonary tuberlosis , malaria,enteric fever , Pneumonia ect.. These would include awareness creation regarding sanitation more knowledge about the diseases and treatment and prevention through mass media and interpersonal channels. Healthy environment, especially safe drinking water supply, sanitary disposal of excreta and other wastes, and pollution-free housing and work places. Adequate nutrition, which in turn depends on production and availability, accessibility, affordability and intrafamilial distribution of food.Control over communicable disease. Lifestyle changes that influence the occurrence of non communicable diseases.The services of Government as well as non-governmental organizations could be sought for more effective implementation of such strategies and programmes. The management of the Health and family welfare programme at the grossroots level,which is likely t o vary with the managerial skills of the programme manager, and its impact on the realization of the objectives of the health planning and programme . As management quality has been recognized as a critical factor in determining the success of Health planning implementation, staff enlisting and effective functioning of the PHC and sub-centres could be increased and thus the health plan could be more successful. 1.Associate prof in Economics , Sri Parasakthi women College, Courtalam. 2. Research Scholar in Health economics , M.S.University, Tirunelveli.REFERENCES1. Deodhar NS. Health situation in India 2001.Voluntary Health Association of India. New Delhi. 2. Last JM. A dictionary of epidemiology. Third edition, Oxford University Press.1995. 3. GOI. National Health form _or_ system of government 2002. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India (GOI), New Delhi. 4. GOI. Annual Report 2001-2002. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India (GOI), New Delh i. 5. World Health Organization 2002. Weekly Epidemiological Report. No 91st March 2002. 6. GOI. Combating HIV/AIDS in India 2000-2001. 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Directorate General of h ealth Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India. Operational guidelines for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Daibetes, CVD and Stroke (NPCDCS). 24. Ministry of Health Family Welfare, Government of India. Indian Public Health Standards. http//www.mohfw.nic.in/NRHM/iphs.htm. Last assessed on 2012 July 31 25. The World Bank, South Asia Human Development, Health Nutrition and Population. NCDs Policy Brief India, 2011 26.Srivastava R K, Bachani D. Burden of NCDs, Policies and Programmes for Prevention and Control of NCDs in India. Indian Journal of Community Medicine 2011 36 S7-12 27.Health and family welfare department Demand No .19 Policy note 2012-2013 Dr.Vijay Minister for Health