Monday, December 24, 2018
'Illuminating the Illusion Essay\r'
'Jay Chiat, and nice in the publicise field, looked at advertising divers(prenominal)ly than those in the advertising argument today. He launched the Energizer Bunny and apple commercials. Not scarcely that, he started a new age of advertising du bunch the highly Bowl. Chiat was an amazing advertiser; however, he r distributivelyed a file in 1997 where he craved to leave the marketing industry. He no longer agreed with the ideals of the advertising world. In Chiatââ¬â¢s raise, ââ¬Å"Illusions argon eternally,ââ¬Â he uncovers the authentic ideals of the marketing industry.\r\nHis essay discusses how the lies in advertising ââ¬Å"lie in the situations, values, beliefs, and cultural norms employ to sell a inwardness.ââ¬Â(212) Through this essay, Chiat uses strong, animate oral communication to create an insure of the true up face of advertising. In the same manner, he includes examples and descriptions that embellish that image and grab the guardianship of the contributor.\r\nAmidst all in all of this, Chiat composes his essay in a manner that furnishs for a confirm, insightful message to come across. Chiat is indeed change taste of advertising, yet when that does non affect his message. He system conversational throughout the wrinkle of the essay. The proficiency that Chiat uses throughout his piece of music is superb, and he does an small job of getting his message across.\r\nChiat uses strong, splendid record book choice throughout his essay to bring back his readers a precise image of the schemes used by todayââ¬â¢s advertisers. Chiatââ¬â¢s quarrel ââ¬Å"unrelentingââ¬Â(213) and ââ¬Å"24-hour-a-day drumbeatââ¬Â(213) allow his readers to mean how advertisers are endlessly hammering their ideas into the heads of the viewers. Words such as ââ¬Å"robs usââ¬Â(213) allow Chiat to make the point that advertisers rob Americans of their view of life, replacing it sort of with an ââ¬Å"illusionââ¬Â .\r\nChiat alike uses ââ¬Å"seductiveââ¬Â(214) to give his readers a further brain of what advertisers are sampleing. Chiat is using scripts such as ââ¬Å"seductiveââ¬Â(214) to enlighten consumers to the idea that advertisers jazz their lies in a fashion that is on the face of it pleasing to the eyes exclusively is keep mum made up of lies. Chiatââ¬â¢s words are critical of advertisers and how they do not truly care about their consumer. Chiat, nonetheless, does not blind his reader to the essayââ¬â¢s purpose by getting at sea in the emotional rhetoric.\r\nChiatââ¬â¢s physical composition is filled with informative and detailed rhetorical modes that greatly add to the impact of his argument. foreign many writers who seem to get mazed in their descriptions of a topic, Chiat includes examples, definitions and descriptions while mollify shining light upon the advertising backdrop. bingle instance of this occurs when Chiat uses the example of the wedding ring from DeBaers, Chiat uses this example to help the readers visualize how the advertisers seek to infiltrate the minds of their consumers.\r\nFollowing this example, Chiat then defines ââ¬Å" verbatimââ¬Â(213) as ââ¬Å"without mediaââ¬Â(213). Chiat defines ââ¬Å"unmediatedââ¬Â(213), a word that most take lightly, in an bm to give his readers a assoil collar of the strategies used by advertisers. A fewer paragraphs later, Chiat proceeds to describe profits advertising. Chiat gives a name image to his readers on how internet advertisers drag adults in with their ââ¬Å"authoritative-lookingââ¬Â(213) websites.\r\nChiatââ¬â¢s placement of these examples, definitions and descriptions is excellent. He places them in positions that not only increase the flow of the musical composition but also pique the interests of his readers. Adding the rhetorical modes antecedently mentioned is actually important for writers such as Chiat because there are points in compo sition where the pace of the writing dies down. Chiat places these modes in terrific positions that keep up the pace of the member as it moves along.\r\nAlong with descriptive words and examples, organization of ideas is also critical when writing an essay, and Chiatââ¬â¢s layout of paragraphs is very logical, and in let go deductive, in other words, the reason out follows the thesis. Chiat opens up his essay with a bit of mise en scene on advertising in put to strengthen the thesis that follows. His thesis is clear and to the point. Because his thesis is mentioned in the beginning of the essay, and the reasoning keister his essay follows in each of the body paragraphs, Chiatââ¬â¢s essay follows this deductive style.\r\nChiat then uses this combination to capture the readerââ¬â¢s attention and make them pauperism to read more with each quest paragraph. Chiat pulls the reader along not only with his strong words but also by arranging his ideas in a fashion that allo ws for a constant pace. In the same manner, each of the points that Chiat makes relates back to the thesis. The readers are not led up to an unvarnished climax only to identify other exposition; Chiatââ¬â¢s points are clear and flow beautifully. He includes good transitions that allow the writing to have the feel of a constant flow and not have abrupt stops in the nerve centre of the writing where a change in direction occurs. Chiat has a great pinch of how to organize his thoughts, and he demonstrates that in his writing.\r\n alike simply writing in a way that is pleasing to the eyes, Chiat also keeps a good savor throughout the course of the writing. This allows him to keep his readers from turning to other writings. The step throughout his essay is bitter, but Chiat remains conversational at the same time.\r\nThe descriptions of the different advertisers are definitely negative; Chiat makes it clear that he does not agree with advertisers. In the concluding paragraph of his essay, Chiat challenges us to find our own personal truth sooner than the apparitional truth presented to us by advertisers. In a similar manner, Chiat says in his final paragraph that people should give notice the vision of life offered by advertisers. Amidst all of this negativity, Chiatââ¬â¢s writing maintains a conversational feel. Chiat involves his readers directly by asking them questions, having them imagine images, etcââ¬Â¦ Chiat may have held a bitter woodland over the course of the essay, and though in many cases writers using a bitter tone in their writing drive away their readers with their immense negativity, Chiat does not overpower his readers with his negative thoughts and descriptions. In fact, Chiatââ¬â¢s calm yet bitter tone allows his readers to better embrace his feelings.\r\nChiat uses strong word choice and rhetorical modes, clear organization, and an inviting tone to strengthen his essay on the schemes behind advertising. These different compo nents throughout his essay modify his readers to gain a broad understanding of Chiatââ¬â¢s different poins and the lies surrounding them each day. Chiat uses his great understanding of these different devices to keep up a steady pace and a smooth flow. Chiatââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"Illusions are Foreverââ¬Â is a well spoken essay. It captures the interests of its readers, it is very informative, and it is a very relaxed read for a negative view of advertising.\r\n'
Sunday, December 23, 2018
'Gambling and Public Policies\r'
'A public insurance is a deliberate preparation of action created and label to direct and assist decision do in able to attain keen appearcomes. The word ââ¬Å"public policyââ¬Â applies to diametric sectors of the society. This includes: government, the private sector, non-government organizations, groups and separatewise individuals. Examples of public policies ar taken from presidential executive orders, collective privacy policies, and parliamentary rules of order and nigh other similar laws. earth policies argon distinguishable from rules or laws.Laws can induce or prohibit behaviors while a policy merely guides actions on the way to those that argon most wantly to accomplish their desire outcomes. Public policies can be viewed and overhearn as political, management, financial, and administrative mechanisms that are created and arranged to domain specific goals. drama Casting a great deal and playing board games take over move to online cassinos, pee r to peer play and sports free rein. What does a casino, a roulette wheel and other forms of turn have in habitual? They entirely provide a commodious chance of winning loads of m championy.This is because they are based on the principle of avarice and s plugh. Presently, our casinoââ¬â¢s today tag a commode in history. The re bothy idea that makes nation gamble has been personnel casualty on since the creation of men. (Higgins, 2006) This paper exit focus on demonstrable and disallow effectuate of gambol, other forms of gaming like frolic on sports and finally afterwards providing enough information astir(predicate) the diametric aspects of dramatic play as a solid and how public policies postulate this. This paper lead give a statement of whether sport o sports in the USA should be permitd or non.Just like everything in this abominable world, I believe that gaming has its darling side and bad side. There are a lot of positive benefits of sport that a lot of persons are not fifty-fifty being aware of. It is constantly important to look at two this sides of the story before deciding whether or not frolic is a well idea or not. There allow ever be umpteen disallow effects of playing period on concourse and society. oneness of the most common positive features of gambling in sports is that many concourse enjoy the gambling as a sport and hobby. These large number donââ¬â¢t have any problems with gambling at all. These are the positive sides of gambling issue.Gambling on sports provides a lot of bullion for participation raising activities The argument clearly tells us that nation who are having fun with gambling shouldnââ¬â¢t suffer righteous because other people are having a heavily times controlling themselves. In my opinion, thither are many positive and electronegative sides of gambling. All these effects include the effects of gambling on families. Spending all your notes on gambling is one of the problems of gambling. This act exit affect your family. They allow have zippo to spend, nothing to eat, nothing drink, and nothing to pay bills and other stuff.Internet gambling only make the situation more worse. Gambling on the internet made a lot of people fall asleep huge amounts of bullion because of its easy accessibility. However, all of the bullion which is spent on gambling is apply to help a lot of people so this gives us other aspect about the story of gambling. Public Policies and Gambling Public policies greatly affect the gambling scene because they either arouse or prohibit the gambling scene. intimately of the time, state policies regarding gambling are in favor of the act. Most of them are having this ââ¬Å"legalized gamblingââ¬Â policy.Discussing about legalized gambling will mystify us to a point which we should evaluate our accept knowledge on this matter. Doing legalized gambling is a very confusing act. One of the things that get often over looked in the idea that gambling is wrong is the benefits of legalized gambling in sports. So many people say that gambling is wrong and they pause to notice that in that location are benefits of legalized gambling. (Ahlberg et al. , 2004) The benefits of legalized casino gambling are that sometimes people are gambling for fun and for entertainment, and the money that they spend is thence being used for good. community fail to notice these legalized gambling benefits, because sometimes the cost of legal gambling vs. benefits is something that is genuinely hard for some people to discover. . raze though there are a lot of people with gambling problems in sports, there are also lots of benefits of legalized gambling in sports. (Ghanimian et al. , 2006) If people with problems can anticipate help, then the benefits of legalized gambling can be shared by everyone. It is obviously alike hard for some people to see that there might be benefits to legalized gambling in sports, beca use it is true that lots of peopleââ¬â¢s lives have been breaked by gambling.However, gambling in sports makes lots of money for the state, and this money goes to many different programs, some of which even help people who have gambling problems. There are simply a lot of benefits to weight before a decision is made. Conclusion Gambling in sports, obviously presents strong deduction and confirmation that humans sleek over bear the greed and sloth in their oral sex and body. Without thinking a lot about the consequences, many of todayââ¬â¢s citizens still do a lot of gambling and spend a lot of money in ââ¬Å"chanceââ¬Â games whether it is gambling link in sports, cockfighting, card games, or just a simple guessing game.Advertisements and entrancing promos give way to the impending financial crisis of people and families who are affected by snakes of the gambling syndrome. No matter how many laws we the government creates to control or restrict it. It will always co me out on top. Why? This is because it is human disposition to desire for more and do it the furious way. Legalized gambling will make people realize that if they al seduce lost everything then they only have themselves to blame. It is always the business of each individual to take consider of his/her own self.If you gamble a lot then you must be ready for the consequences. Everything in this world has its own limits. People who do not control themselves in gambling will really destroy their lives and families. Knowing when to stop and how to stop should always be in the minds of gamblers. Laws that ban gambling in certain areas only provide the desires of gamblers to do more gambling. It is better to legalize gambling because it helps the economy. Individual problems of people who are addicted to gambling should not be the point of interest. We are responsible for ourselves and for own actions.Legalizing gambling around the world will generate a lot of money to help the needy a nd the poor people. It should be our principle that everything in excess is BAD. egotism control is the answer to all gambling related problems, not laws or even bans stop the desire for gambling. It is SELF-CONTROL. Works Cited Ahlberg, P. E. and Clack, J. A. ââ¬Å"anti Gambling. ââ¬Â Natural ,410 (2004): 737ââ¬759. Carroll, R. L. ,. Effects of Gambling, NY: W. H. Freeman and Company, 1988. Daeschler, E. B. , and Shubin, Neil.. cassino Madness Chance gimpys, 391(1998):133. Daeschler, E. B. , Shubin, N. H. , and Jenkins, F. A. , Jr. ââ¬Å" two-fold Digits.ââ¬Â Femme Royale, 410 (2002): 717ââ¬793. Shiraz Ghanimian and David Saryan. Money Talks. Summary. California State radiation pattern 2006. Higgins, P.. ââ¬Å"Casino Man: Case of the down(p)ââ¬Â 2006. 1 Mar 2006 Muller, G. B. ââ¬Å"Economic Crisisââ¬Â J. evol. biol. 10 (1997): 821-828. Patterson, R. Gamling Exposed. NY: Macmillan, 2007. Poctja and Springer. History of Gambling. The American Geographical con stitute and The Paleontological Society, 2002. Poctja and Springer. Evolution of Men and their Crimes. The American Geographical Institute and The Paleontological Society, 2004. Lolo and Lola. Game On. The Journal of the American Casino, 2005.\r\n'
Saturday, December 22, 2018
'Our socially constructed reality\r'
' mean Piece Sociological Significance and undivided Behavior What is the relationship between ââ¬Å" exposition of the perspectiveââ¬Â and ââ¬Å" mixerly â⬠overheared human race? Our tender defecate provides us with basic assumptions of everyday life. These affable persuades arrive an affect on our learning of reality and situations. While with a assembly of people you mainly hang kayoed with the definition of a situation of a situation will be similar, because you wholly atomic number 18 from the aforementioned(prenominal) kindly convention: and collapse similar social backgrounds.But if you argon not with a assemblage that you are not familiar tit it whitethorn not be so scant(p) for you all to see the situation the same because your social reality are antithetic. display case: In an urban neighborhood where Tim, and his group of friends hang unwrap during the day and night, they often cop gunshots. So one night Times cousin Johnny came to visit from his mansion in Texas. While they were outside hanging out gunshots were heard. After hearing the gunshots Tim and his friends continued as if they heard nothing.Sonnys pition was very different than Tim and his friends in f diddle he felt very uncomfortable. Because Tim and his group of friends are addicted to that social structure their generateation of the situation was different than Johnny, because in his social reality that doesnt and should not happen. This example explains how a persons social reality can change how they interpret the definition of a situation. Why are these important in explaining the social influences on human behavior?These are important in explaining human behavior because our elect behavior is check offd by our social influences and social surroundings (socially â⬠constructed reality) which determine how we react and interpret situations (definition of a situation). Why is it that social influence is very often more than useful for predic ting â⬠or explaining â⬠the behavior of an individual(a) person than would be there psychological frame of head word? Though we take part in the social construct of reality, its still not entirely a product of our own doing.Our social influences use up us who we are and affect how we act and handle situations. Even though we have our own thought we still survive our lives through what is socially acceptable. So sight a psychological frame of mind may not be as accurate because we say one thing, notwithstanding in a social put we handle it differently. Example: Elevator characterisation The people on the rhytidoplasty knew that it was not their norm to turn backwards in the ski lift.But they still wanted to aline to what seemed socially normal at the time, so they moody around Just like everyone else in the video. So even though we have our own thoughts and feelings about situations , our social influence and social setting still determine how we behave. If anyone could have asked the independent variables on the elevator if they would turn backwards on an elevator if everyone else was doing it they would have more than likely answered no, precisely because o the social pressure to conform they behaved totally opposite.\r\n'
Wednesday, December 19, 2018
'Newspapers and Books Are Outdated Essay\r'
'As we move into the twenty- offshoot carbon an increasing number of people ar relying on new forms of technology. A possible second of this is that traditional media such as books and word of honorpapers ar not just less popular but atomic number 18 considered by many to be bring outdated. Personally, I disagree with this point of view. The principal reason why some people take this view is fairly cause in the case of newspapers. It is generally much easier and quick to discover what is happening in the world from the network or the television than from a newspaper.\r\nIf you use Google or another search engine or precisely switch on the television, you can instantly bestow the latest news bulletin. A newspaper, by contrast, is out of date the moment it is published because it contains yesterdayââ¬â¢s news. It is perhaps less obvious why books are said to be out of fake. One mishap is that fewer people choose to read for pleasure nowadays because they prefer the instant gratification and thrills of new(a) technology. There is less effort involved in enjoying a 3D movie or playing a computer game than in good turn the pages of a book.\r\nMy own view and conclusion is that books and newspapers give never go completely out of fashion or become redundant. The reason for this is that they serve prefatorial human trains. I believe that people leave alone always want to read about the news and escape into the imaginary worlds of great novels. However, books and newspapers may need to change to meet the new demands of twenty-first century consumers. We can already see this happening with the stretch of the audio-book and the various free newspaper internet sites.\r\n'
Tuesday, December 18, 2018
'Syria War\r'
'President Basher bittersweets aircraft dropped bombs on the market place In Aziza, a town near the border with misfire north of Aleph, killing 20 civilians. ââ¬Å"Its enough! ââ¬Â shouts Abdullah Mahout hajj Seed, standing amid a pile of rubble constellate with household possessions: d shoe here, a echo there. ââ¬Å"Does the world like seeing Syrian course? ââ¬Ë Almost two years Into syncs uprising, promptly a full-blown civil war, misery and despair ar exploitation across the land. Lockhart Abraham. The joint envoy of the UN and ArabLeague who is seek to mediate, is making no progress. A military solving looks far off too. Though rear fighters coco palm to make advances In the north and east of the expanse, Mr. Sads forces argon consolidating along the north-south axis vertebra from the capital, Damascus, to the coastal heartland of his Latter sect. ââ¬ËThis is neer going to end,ââ¬Â says a usually hopeful arise commander trot the eastern province of Iraqi. The antagonist fears that International support may be dwindling. Members of the Syrian Opposition Coalition, a political form termed in Qatar in November, grumble hat pledges of money build yet to be honored. Its unfair,ââ¬Â says a member. ââ¬Å"Were told, ââ¬Ëdo this, do that, exclusively then the promises are never fulfilled. ââ¬Â The body has started to distribute money to activists on the ground and has created a committee to set about the creation of a transitional government. and patrons are 10th to drive up the flow of support because they are timid where It will end up. Syrians opposition, despite the best efforts of the brand- rude(a) coalition, re master(prenominal)s patently fragmented. The climb ups look mainly to Qatar and Saudi Arabia, since they, unlike the warier westernmostern governments, do provide allowhal aid, But they appear to be thinking double too.Funds for rebel fighters continue to trickle in but at a far slower pace than e xpected. Saudi Arabia Is afraid that, were Mr. Sad to fall, the Muslim Brotherhood, which It loathes, aptitude take over. Jordan, nervously eyeing Salamis fighters over the border, Is reluctant to let weapons across. Jam al-Ward. A member of the coalition who liaises with the rebel fighters, reckons that fewer than 20% of their weapons are being supplied from removed Syria; most, he says, are bought on the black market or have been captured from military bases.The fighters morale has been dent and they are becoming still more fractious. uprise units argue over their share of booty. A scrap under way for six weeks to capture denomination military airport outside Aleph involves 13 different conferences. None will want to go nucleotide empty-handed. The tighter sound increasingly hostile to the outs did world. A new rebel council is viewed as ââ¬Å"a toy of the Westââ¬Â, says a fighter in Aziza. Divisions in rebel ranks are widening. Salamis fighters recently shelled Rasa al-Main, a Kurdish-controlled town, ender the eye of Turkey, which fears an boot of Kurdish nationalism.Looting and stealing are common. ââ¬Å"Its a mess,ââ¬Â says a disgruntled activist from the eastern city of cervid ex-Zorn. ââ¬Å"The regime is killing, the Free Syrian Army [a main rebel front] is stealing, and we are suffering. ââ¬Â The plight of ordinary civilians is worsening. The UN says it is fight to raise enough money to keep mint alive. The British government has donated aid worth Meme ($mm) and the States almost double that amount, but the results are that visible on the ground. Everywhere Syrians are chopping take trees to get wood for heating and cooking.In this atmosphere, Jubbah al-Nassau, a Jihads group with its own evidently abundant sources of cash, has expanded its reach. In rural areas, people continue to support local anaesthetic fighting units, since they are made up of their sons, husbands and fathers. But in Aleph, Syrians commercial hub, and in Deer ex-Zorn awful residents are increasingly turning to Jubbah al-Nassau, because it is the most rough-and-ready group at hand, though many stand its ideology. One rebel commander says that most totaling are preparing for a reckoning with Jubbah al-Nassau, were Mr. Sad to fall.Sensing a growing reticence among Western governments to bolster the rebels more wholeheartedly, Mr. Sad is digging in. Ousted from large swathes of the north and east, his forces are now concentrating on holding Damascus, Homos (the countrys third city) and the coastal region. A massacre on January 1 5th in the village of Hashish, on the edge of Homos, is the latest in a chain of such attacks along this axis on villages of Sunnis, who make up the bulk of the country and its opposition.\r\n'
Monday, December 17, 2018
'Cialis Case\r'
'Cialis I. enigma: In this case, the main issue at put across is to decide an effective commercializeing system for the base of new-fashioned product, Cialis by the joint venture Eli Lilly and ICOS. This strategy will help to recognize a quarry trade and also the future marketing endeavors required to have belligerent positioning in the market amongst Cialisââ¬â¢s main competitors, Pfizer and Bayer. Cialis has to choose among the alternatives: beat, niche and deal. II. Alternatives: 1) companion Beat Strategy by differentiating its product from competitors by emphasizing on its period i. . 36 hours, organizeing manpower suffering from Erectile Dysfunction (ED) + Existing node base + stand win over existing, new users and dropouts that it is a superior product + Customers rout out wait for obligation fleck + Better attempt time and duration + Doesnââ¬â¢t have blue vision incline effect that happens in case of sildenafil citrate + Can convince Primary Care Physicians (PCP) and urologists of its benefits â⬠Higher gross revenue nip take to compete with sildenafilââ¬â¢s effective sales force group of 30000 â⬠non reliable with nitrates Time on Market is 0 compared to Viagraââ¬â¢s 5 years so Viagra has better brand study 2) postdate Niche Strategy by targeting Viagra dropouts estimated to be around 6-7 million as compared to Viagraââ¬â¢s current users i. e. 3 million + Can regard high price + The number of Viagra dropouts female genital organ grow with the launch and success of Cialis + Easy to focalize target market â⬠Low market mete out in total Erectile Dysfunction (ED) market â⬠uncontrollable to convince users who have lost cartel in similar product i. e.Viagra â⬠Not safe with nitrates 3) Follow Compete Strategy and go private with Viagraââ¬â¢s positioning + Existing guest base + Alternative means to attract customers much(prenominal) as by convincing partners and people who call in it will go away + Better onset time and duration â⬠Not safe with nitrates â⬠Difficult to convince existing users of Viagra â⬠Difficult to convince physicians to prescribe Cialis â⬠Higher sales force requisiteed to compete with Pfizerââ¬â¢s effective sales force team of 30000 III. Recommendation:I suggest that Cialis should absorb the ââ¬Å"beatââ¬Â marketing strategy focusing on its high duration i. e. 36 hours to make it a differentiated product in the market. On conducting the need and performance analysis of key buying factors, the aforementioned(prenominal) strategy best suits for the product introduction. While thither are drawbacks to this decision such as Viagraââ¬â¢s already developed brand reputation and fact that Cialis is not safe with nitrates, I see that Cialis can successfully overcome these issues through its competitive pricing which can be similar to that of Viagraââ¬â¢s i. . $10 so that target customers can get more benefits (such as c hoosing the right moment for sexual intercourse) at the same price. Cialis should spend world-shaking amount on initial promotion of its new product through TV advertisement featuring famous personality (actor, politician, sportsmen), radio, social media and word of mouth. It also ineluctably a high sales force (to compete with Pfizerââ¬â¢s effective sales force team of 30000) who can pitch the product initially in US and Europe where there is strong target market base and later on augment its focus on other countries.\r\n'
Sunday, December 16, 2018
'Human motivation Essay\r'
'Introduction: A person is a complex creature who goes finished a variety of developmental changes in his life. all(prenominal) of these changes, a particular study occurs. When we learn, we organize, shape, and strengthen our brain. human are like machines who never get shopworn of learning. From the day we are born, our brain works and convert those that we have learned in the web connections of our brain. exclusively what does learning mean? Learning is how one acquires sunrise(prenominal) information ab come to the fore the world he lives in.\r\nIt is how he interprets and understands reality in a way that his expression changes because of those learned information or bedledge. Learning is also said to be an active move in which the learner uses sensory input and constructs meaning out of those things that has to be learned. The learner take ons to do something to be up to(p) to learn because learning is not well(p) a passive acceptance of knowledge and ideas of a person alone, further rather, an activity or bear upon which involves the learner to engage with the world he is in.\r\n motivating on the former(a) hand is a underlying component in learning. Essential because it includes an understanding of slipway in which the knowledge can be used. Unless we know the reason why, we whitethorn not be genuinely involved in using the knowledge that may be instilled in us, even with the near intensive, severe, rigid, and bear type of teaching. When one is not make a motiond to learn, teaching becomes ineffective and useless. Motivation is an inner state of guide or longing that activates an unmarried to do something that allow for satisfy that need or desire.\r\nMotivation is derived from the need or desires internal to the individual such that others cannot motivate an individual but must manipulate surroundingsal varicap competents that may result in an increase or decrease of demand. The relationship between indigence and learning is connected and are mutually causal. That is, those individuals, ââ¬Å"who are more(prenominal)(prenominal) motivated learn moreââ¬Â¦those who learn more become more motivatedââ¬Â (Richmond, 194).\r\nIn schoolroom settings, the teacher uses an understanding of individual and group motivation and behavior to create a learning environment that encourages positive social interaction, active engagement in learning and self motivation. Kno bring home the bacong how to meet individual learnerââ¬â¢s call for for control, competence, and belonging in the classroom is one key to student motivation to learn. Following are examples of learning as tied to human motivation. Teacher Rose is a stock teacher of 45 students in a unrestricted school.\r\nThree of her students are repeaters and two manifests symptoms of mild retardation. Their mien in class causes her stress and anxiety not because she donââ¬â¢t want these children there but because she feels like she is not able t o help them as sheââ¬Ës supposed to be. Since there are no special schools in the place to cater the needs of these children, she decided to apply for a scholarship at the district office to study Special Education. The work was not an easy one but because of her desire to help these children, she was able to graduate and earned a degree in Special Education.\r\nNow sheââ¬â¢s more runed and capable because she is able and unfastened of teaching and handling these types of children. Sir Benjamin on the other hand is a teacher who wishes to become a attorney someday. But due to poverty, this dream mud only a dream. When he got married and humble by his in-laws, Sir Benjamin vowed to become a lawyer to prove that he can be mortal someday, a person his in-laws would respect and be imperial of. When his marriage was annulled due to insistence of his in-laws, Sir Benjamin employ for a scholarship in a university to watch over his studies in Law.\r\nAfter painful years of examine and teaching at the kindred time, he was able to graduate and pass the board exam. Now, he is already a lawyer. Although he was not able to win back his beloved wife, he is still happy and proud because at last, he was able to fulfill his dream and was able to prove himself at the same time. Jane is also an example of a person who was able to fulfill and finish her studies because of her desire to help her parents. repayable to poverty, Jane wasnââ¬â¢t able to pursue college education. She went to work in a restaurant for two years.\r\nWhen given a chance to apply for a scholarship at the Mayorââ¬â¢s office, she didnââ¬â¢t hesitate to take permission from her employer. Working during the day and studying during the nights. The process was long and hard and yet she was able to graduate. She was real motivated to finish her studies because she needs to get a descent job so she would be able to send her younger brothers and sisters to school. Now, she works in a b ank, a lot more comfortable and happier because sheââ¬â¢s able to fulfill her dreams. Motivation therefore comes from within, and most(prenominal) people with intrinsic motivation are most likely to succeed.\r\n'
Friday, December 14, 2018
'The Responsible Citizen\r'
'Responsibilities of a citizen| April 3 2013 | The responsibilities of a citizen. Responsibilities of a citizen General endeavor: To inform Specific Purpose: To inform planetary public on the true responsibilities of a citizen thesis Statement: Embrace a far much holistic and positive specifying ability on what it bureau to be a dissolve of a union or a wider mixer group. Introduction: I. The disposal II. What be the roles of a citizen? III. The concept of ubuntu Body I. Ubuntu a. The boob of ubuntu II. The Plan a. Spread ubuntu III. What makes a citizen ââ¬Å"good? ââ¬Â a. Opinions b. Perspectives ConclusionI. comprehend ubuntu II. Holistic and positive panorama III. If this philosophical system is transmit the pass will be a more than just, favorable and equitable America Unlike the government activityââ¬â¢s role that is clearly stated in the Preamble, the role of a citizen isnââ¬â¢t as clear. thus far the bill of rights clearly states the rights of a citizen. It has been amended and make inclusive as to what defines a citizen. Every citizen has an sight on what the role is exactly, which makes it easy to be see freely. Itââ¬â¢s tempting to purview the concept of citizenship from a Western perspective.This would lead naturally to such ideas as obeying laws, voting, defending oneââ¬â¢s country, and so on. unspoken in this perspective is the moxie of an individual, and of ââ¬Å"usââ¬Â and ââ¬Å"themââ¬Â. For many, these ar not satisfactory, and leave a lingering sense of some subject missing. Perhaps it is the implied ââ¬Å"shouldââ¬Â, ââ¬Å"mustââ¬Â or ââ¬Å"have toââ¬Â that causes a ripple of rebellion in the soul against these ideals. throughout the years it has flex evident that the role of a citizen goes beyond that. Those who atomic number 18 simple minded view their role as such.People who are deep thinkers lead to see other perspectives, many of which dig a far more holistic and positi ve outlook on what it means to be a fragment of a community or a wider social group. One of them is the Afri potful concept of ubuntu. The word ubuntu comes from the southern African Bantu languages. Roughly translated, it means ââ¬Å"I am what I am because of who we all areââ¬Â. Ubuntu is the essence of being valet de chambre. At the heart of the ubuntu ism is the idea that a person cannot be human in isolation. We are all connected, and a get around of a greater whole.Therefore, we all benefit and originate when one person grows, and we are all little when one person is oppressed, humiliated or otiose in any way. Spreading the concept of ubuntu is the plan. This philosophy is an ideal one but it is more than possible. change magnitude the knowledge of it will help citizens of the US become more in tune with their neighbors, more convoluted with familiarity, and conscious of their actions on a daily bases. Citizens winââ¬â¢t be ashamed or gangrenous by what the y donââ¬â¢t have or havenââ¬â¢t yet achieved and even if they are their fellow citizens wonââ¬â¢t make them ascertain any worse than they already do.In fact they would pressure them up and push them to acknowledge the thing that they do have and what they have achieved. So what then are the duties as a citizen within this philosophy? Simply, it is their right to be open, generous of spirit, and affirming. Just as importantly, they neer need to feel threatened by mortal elseââ¬â¢s success or happiness, because they belong to the greater whole, and so they are benefiting from bothone elseââ¬â¢s happiness. Following rules or obeying laws is a natural consequence of this belief.The shift is from a negative to a positive point of view. So while the results may in many cases be the same, the motivation, sense of belonging and level of happiness can be dramatically variant. In conclusion it is limpid that American society might not embrace this philosophy with open arms because of how ââ¬Å"unusualââ¬Â it may seem and the fact the society is basically every ââ¬Å"manââ¬Â for his self. The philosophy of ubuntu will make so many people uncomfortable because of how open they will have to be with one another.Since it is so different from any philosophy that is embraced by American society it may be hard to get someone to listen, accept, and radiation diagram it. America can embrace a far more holistic and positive outlook on what it means to be a part of a community or a wider social group. There is hope for this philosophy yet, Americans must learn to love and trust one another. This philosophy is the report to that lost love and trust. Some already practice it without knowledge. They are natural open, generous of spirit, and affirming.Too bad everyone cannot be like those individuals. Anything is possible and change is the only thing that remains constant, it just takes time. If this philosophy is spread the result will be a more just, prosperous and equitable America. Works Cited Ellis-Christensen, Tricia, and O. Wallace. ââ¬Å"What Does It Mean to Be a US Citizen? ââ¬Â WiseGeek. Conjecture, 05 Oct. 2011. Web. 09 Mar. 2013. <http://www. wisegeek. com/what-does-it-mean-to-be-a-us-citizen. htm>. Flippin, Jr. , Reverend William E. Ubuntu: Applying African ism in Building Community. ââ¬Â The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost. com, 05 Feb. 2012. Web. 01 Apr. 2013. <http://www. huffingtonpost. com/reverend-william-e-flippin-jr/ubuntu-applying-african-p_b_1243904. html>. Kelchner, Jen. ââ¬Å"Ubuntu: The Philosophy of Interconnectedness-Change Your Life. predominate The True You. ââ¬Â Avid Seed. Avid Seed, 08 Aug. 2012. Web. 01 Mar. 2013. <http://www. avidseed. org/2012/08/ubuntu-the-philosophy-interconnectedness/>.\r\n'
Thursday, December 13, 2018
'Braving paths towards learner authonomy\r'
'Article Braving paths towards pupil shore leave: fake the near of your observe lessons! Lenore Gauchely Queerer Hartmann Autonomy is understood by both(prenominal)(prenominal) as the ability to take bang of matchlesss confess viewing (HOLE, 1981). According to this definition, the autonomous bookman is the ace who is able to take control of and be amenable for his/her tuition. This includes decommissioning: when, what, and how to learn as thoroughly as how, when, and by whom to be assessed.Developing this ability is not notwithstanding a matter of personality, but also a stump spud of the sort of education and upbringing one has had. workings with autonomy in language belief entails relations with a number of constraints: pre-determined syllabus, students used to teacher- bear on modes of article of faith that value grades to the detriment of their learning, homework do because of marks, distinguishable levels of motivation, different learning styles, as well as different degrees of autonomy.Further more, the difficulties one may combat in measuring these degrees of autonomy must be woody into account: students may feel like being more autonomous on a given(p) twenty-four hour period rather than on another collectable to reasons which may not al ways be identifiable. Nevertheless, it is dissolve of a teachers Job to expose students to a transformation of ways of meet (more) autonomous, to help them discover how they learn vanquish and how they stooge cope with situations which may be required yet not to their liking. What sort of autonomy can be developed in FEEL classrooms?This principal can only be answered if we go beyond the lassoer settings. Learning is part of life and those who argon ready(a) to learn in all situations bequeath for certain always be one smell ahead. nigh students have an innate capacity for learning; some need stimulus and/or focal point to find out started. Students should be conscious of w hat they can do for their proclaim learning, and how they can do it. The teachers main tint is how to do that. Our responsibility towards students is so enormous that becoming aware of this fact is of great importance. Helping\r\nBraving paths towards learner authonomy\r\nArticle Braving paths towards learner autonomy: make the most of your FEEL lessons! Lenore Gauchely Queries Hartmann Autonomy is understood by many as the ability to take charge of ones own learning (HOLE, 1981). According to this definition, the autonomous learner is the one who is able to take control of and be responsible for his/her learning. This includes decommissioning: when, what, and how to learn as well as how, when, and by whom to be assessed.Developing this ability is not only a matter of personality, but also a tater of the sort of education and upbringing one has had. Working with autonomy in language teaching entails dealing with a number of constraints: pre-determined syllabus, students used to te acher- centered modes of teaching that value grades to the detriment of their learning, homework done because of marks, different levels of motivation, different learning styles, as well as different degrees of autonomy.Furthermore, the difficulties one may encounter in measuring these degrees of autonomy must be oaken into account: students may feel like being more autonomous on a given day rather than on another due to reasons which may not always be identifiable. Nevertheless, it is part of a teachers Job to expose students to a variety of ways of becoming (more) autonomous, to help them discover how they learn best and how they can cope with situations which may be inevitable yet not to their liking. What sort of autonomy can be developed in FEEL classrooms?This question can only be answered if we go beyond the lassoer settings. Learning is part of life and those who are ready to learn in all situations will certainly always be one step ahead. Some students have an innate capaci ty for learning; some need stimulus and/or guidance to get started. Students should be aware of what they can do for their own learning, and how they can do it. The teachers main concern is how to do that. Our responsibility towards students is so enormous that becoming aware of this fact is of great importance.\r\n'
Wednesday, December 12, 2018
'Africville by Maxine Tynes Essay\r'
'Examples of personification include ââ¬Å"We ar Africvilleââ¬Â and ââ¬Å"I am Africvilleââ¬Â. This is personification because they can non really be ââ¬Å"Africvilleââ¬Â; this is because Africville is not a person, or an procedural usually admit to be paired with hu publics. However in this fictitious character the author does it sooner well. For example comparing ââ¬Å"I am tiredââ¬Â to ââ¬Å"I am Africvilleââ¬Â whiz can quickly tell that this is a personification on Africville, in the sense of making Africville an adjective describing who they/she are/is respectively. To be Africville, in this case would be someone conveying their sense of pride and chemical bond to their beloved former town, to carry with them the unforgettable, unforgivable last(prenominal) that was eviction of their town.\r\nAn example of a metaphor would be:\r\nââ¬Å"No house is Africville. No road, no tree, no well. Africville is man/women/child in the street and breast of color H alifax, the Prestons, Toronto.ââ¬Â No house, no tree, or no well can be Africville because thither are these things everywhere. The trees arenââ¬â¢t what makes Africville special, it is the people in it and their stories and history. The section goes march on to explain how even post-dispossession the people of Africville are cool it together in black Halifax and Toronto. This implies that this town was so unified that even widespread eviction cannot find their bonds. However, the concrete metaphor in this passage is ââ¬Å"Africville is man/women/childââ¬Â because this is an un akin comparison without using like or as.\r\nThese literary devices (personification and metaphor) create a pseudo- air where readers cannot moot anything literally. However, I overlooked the pseudo-atmosphere because of the great depth it adds to the poem. The repeat personifications and metaphors also show point of view quite easily, as seen here: ââ¬Å"We are Africvilleââ¬Â and ââ¬Å"I am Africvilleââ¬Â. This is clearly stating who the speaker is. In an addition to the atmosphere and point of view the literary devices show, they also rise the overall message of the poem which I confide to be that the people of Africville are literally isolated from each otherââ¬â¢s lives they all contend the same story and are therefore settle down connected.\r\nI think that Africville was a town in which Maxine Tynes (the author) was born in, during the year of 1949. It was settled by Black Loyalists and was in Nova Scotia, Canada. It was a very connected town, as seen here: ââ¬Å"so black with communityââ¬Â ââ¬Å"with supportââ¬Â ââ¬Å"with prideââ¬Â ââ¬Å"with memoriesââ¬Â. However, everyone in this town was evicted, as seen here: ââ¬Å"we are the dispossessed Black of the Landââ¬Â ââ¬Å"crawl with pain away from our homeââ¬Â.\r\n'
Tuesday, December 11, 2018
'ââ¬ÅBeowulfââ¬Â by Seamus Heaney and the Anglo-Saxon poem ââ¬ÅDream of the Roodââ¬Â Essay\r'
'Fealty is one of the greatly-recognized apprises of the Anglo-Saxon world. a good deal defined as a type of truth or allegiance, allegiance loosenesss a more than lovely and active role in Seamus Heaneys Beowulf than in the Anglo-Saxon song The conceive of of the Rood because of the way it causes bring through to be taken. Understanding the use of this Anglo-Saxon prize can reveal its importance in Anglo-Saxon life and literature.\r\nIn Beowulf, the main character Beowulf uses commitment to empower him to perform elevated deeds. This is shown through the actions that he makes: upon hearing of the attacks by Grendel, Beowulf rushes to the aid of Hrothgar, a accomplice of his fatherââ¬â¢s. Beowulfââ¬â¢s father, Ecgtheow, previously killed Heatholaf, a piece of the Wulfing tribe. According to Anglo-Saxon terminology and law, a debt or wergild must be paid to the relatives of the victim. Unable to throw this manprice (StudyGuide.org), Ecgtheow fled to avoid war. Hro thgar healed the feud by give (Line 470) this debt which caused Beowulfââ¬â¢s father to swear allegiance to Hrothgar.\r\nIt is this commitment that his father made that encourages Beowulf to follow up on an old friendship (Line 376) and assist Hrothgar by defeating Grendel. new(prenominal) fount where Beowulf uses obedience to act heroic is the conclusiveness to labor the dragon. Although this occurs in the older phase of Beowulfââ¬â¢s life, his loyalty or faithfulness to the Geats as queen mole rat of the people (Line 2513) obliges him to defend them, believing that its his duty. Conclusively, the utilization of fealty by Beowulf results in actions being carried out.\r\nThe Anglo-Saxon value of fealty is also used by other characters in Beowulf to execute intrepid actions. The greatest example of this is the aid shown to Beowulf by Wiglaf during the battle against the dragon. During this battle, Beowulfs sword fails him and hes in need of assistance from the eleven comrades personally chosen for the encounter. However, excluding Wiglaf, that hand-picked troop broke ranks and ran for their lives (Lines 2597-2598). Wiglaf was the only warrior of the band who stood by his lord. In a sign of respect toward the heroic ideal of the Anglo-Saxon world that states that he is oblige to fight for their lord to the death (StudyGuide.org), Wiglaf interferes in the fight and they eventually defeat the dragon. This principle demonstrates how fealty is authoritative to Anglo-Saxon life in the way it invigorate Wiglaf to aid Beowulf. All in all, fealty is acutely used in Beowulf as a earth to which one could complete actions.\r\nIn Dream of the Rood, fealty is shown by the flub to Christ scarcely it doesnt play an actual role in the poem because the cross is an inanimate object and cannot use his fealty to treasure his lord. In a sense, the fealty in this poem is more idealistic than in Beowulf since the cross has the finis and the eagerness to aid C hrist during the crucifixion but he cannot interfere. This willpower is illustrated when Christ was placed on the Cross in preparation for the crucifixion. The cross states that although the motive shakes, it ââ¬Å"daredââ¬Â¦not against the Lordââ¬â¢s word/ hunker down or break (Lines 35-36). That provides the notion that the cross has the bearing to help Christ because it bending or geological fault would hinder Christ; the cross, by announcing that it wouldnt do such(prenominal) a thing verifies its fealty. Therefore, fealty is used in the poem as a concept, not as a reason for action.\r\nIn conclusion, the application of fealty to the two Anglo-Saxon texts is evident but more significant in one then the other. Still, fealty contributes to both pieces of literature and its complex use exposes wherefore it is so vital to Anglo-Saxon society.\r\n kit and caboodle Cited\r\nGlenn, Jonathan A. ââ¬Å"The Dream of the Rood.ââ¬Â University of Central Arkansas. May 2009 .\r\ nHeaney, Seamus. Beowulf A New poetise Translation (Bilingual Edition). Boston: W. W. Norton & Company, 2001.\r\nââ¬Å"Beowulf â⬠StudyGuide.org.ââ¬Â StudyGuide.org. May 2009 .\r\nWorks ConsultedDictionary.com. May 2009 .\r\n'
'A Variety of Society Factors Cause Homelessness Essay\r'
'National conglutination for the roofless is a charity that fights to residuum the dispossessed personness by means of grassroots organizing, reality education, and policy advocacy. They drive home pointed erupt the ca purposes for the change magnitude frame of dispossessed person people in the U.S since 2000 in the term ââ¬Å"A human body of Social Factors Causes Homelessness.ââ¬Â Why is the number of the homeless people increasing daylight after day in the U.S? P everyplacety and the homelessness argon the actual controversial chore that has so numerous distinguishable causes from diffe crosscurrent countries on the whole(prenominal) over the world. There ar threesome main factors that the National bond for the Homeless pointed out in their bind such as eroding work opportunities, a decline in man assistance, and a leave out of low-cost lodgment in the U.S. Do the germs give the axely excuse the puzzle in their article?\r\nFor an article to be eff ective, it is imperative that it is eject on its purpose. In the earlier essay, the occasion is successful in identifying the principle behind the article. From the graduation separate, the informant is focused on addressing the causes of homelessness in the fiat (National compact for the Homeless 1). Therefore, the reader is aw ar of the precept behind the article and its functions after reading the startle paragraph. Importantly, this is observable in the incident paragraphs of the article.\r\nThe heading choice is reproducible with the purpose of the article. The key row in the heading designate that the fountain is exploring the wall socket of homelessness in the society. The melodic theme depicts that there ar numerous mixer factors that raise to the geld of homelessness. This influences the mindset of the readers when they are engaging the article, since they are aware of the limit of the essay, which clarifies that homelessness is a consequent of co mplex kind factors. This is subservient in ensuring that the readers comprehend the contents of the article better.\r\nWhen exploring the problem in the article, the antecedent focuses on the dilemma of homelessness. In addition, the reservoir uses applicable examples to play up the problem in depth. This is perspicuous in the statistical entropy in the third paragraph, which is pertinent to the U.S. society: In 2000, 11.3% of the U.S. creation, or 31.1 million people, lived in penury. While the number of unworthy people has reduced a bit in young grades, the number of people breathing in extreme poverty has increased (National Coalition of Homelessness, paragraph 3, page 1). The antecedent uses discipline on poverty levels, and current housing situations to seek the wall plug of homelessness comprehensively. The author is also clear on the causes of the previous problem. In the article, the author identifies poverty and overleap of housing, which is affordable a s the primary cause for homelessness in the society. These statistics from the imbed for Children and Poverty are curiously revealing: In the set for Children and Poverty study, 37% of homelessness families had their eudaemonia benefits reduced or castrate last year.\r\nAdditionally, a moment study of six states install that between 1997 and 1998, 25% of families who had stop receiving welfare in the last six months doubled-up on housing to save money, and 23% travel because they could not give rent (National Coalition of Homelessness, page 2 â⬠3). However, otherwise secondary causes are also highlighted in the article, and this includes lack of employment, low wages, and a decrease in social support, among others. The author correlates the secondary and primary causes to explore the problem. Despite the author actively highlighting the homelessness problem universe experienced in the society, there is not solution provided for the problems. The author concentrates on the social factors which chip in to the problem and how they contribute.\r\nThe essay is utter(a) when exploring the topic. The author uses numerous examples to explain the moment of the problem. For instance, the author explores the significance of the health sector in the issue of homelessness. This example gives a new dimension to the topic and shows the complexity of the social issues causation homelessness. In addition, the article is logical. This is ascribable to the authorââ¬â¢s use of authoritative sources in the field. This is evident in the statistical data, from studies by the Housing and Urban nurture (HUD), on the previous problem. The author also engages credible and right information on the issue giving the article chest of drawers on the topic.\r\nThe author uses relevant evidence to support the claims of the article. For instance, on this issue of poverty, the author quotes data of average incomes, which is make by American families: In the data, a 19 98 study estimated that 46% of the jobs with the most(prenominal) growth between 1994 and 2005 throw less than $16,000 a year; these jobs will not weave families out of poverty. Moreover, 74% of these jobs pay below a inhabitable wage ($32,185 for a family of four) (National Coalition of Homelessness, page 2). This shows the level of income earned by the American population and its influence in the housing sector. The article also has other relevant examples to support the authorââ¬â¢s sentiments.\r\nThe argument of the author also appeals to the readers emotions. This is clear in the approach of the author to highlight the effect of poverty on society and its influence on homelessness. This elicits emotions from the audience since the issues affect are relatable to the human situation. The article is characterized by the use of data and studies from various authorities on the issue. The author has been effective in fashioning the key words in these studies clear for the au dience through elaboration. Therefore, the important words in the article are be effectively.\r\nIn the second article, ââ¬Å"Homelessness is not societyââ¬â¢s problem,ââ¬Â the author uses a challenging title, in that the view is provocative to the addressees. This appears to be a controversial horizon concerning the issue of homelessness due to the emotions associate to the topic (Carnacchio 1). Despite the rationale of the article, the argument is not valid since the society cannot disassociate itself from social problems. However, the second article gives for the readers much sides of view about the homeless people. Only some of the homeless people who are not willing to happen upon the responsibilities associated with maintaining a job and a permanent residence. As White points out, ââ¬Å"In Los Angelesââ¬â¢ inner city, Paul Koegel and M. Audrey Burnam ground that nearly 80% of alcoholics in their sample of homeless adults ââ¬Ëreport that their first alcohol ic symptom occurred before they were first homelessââ¬â¢ and that in 57% of the cases this occurred at least five age before their first chronological succession of homelessness.ââ¬Â (Carnacchio, page 2).\r\nThe article ââ¬Å"A Variety of Social Factors Causes Homelessnessââ¬Â provides a solid argument concerning the issue of homelessness. The author appears to be informed with the topic and cites authoritative sources on the issue. The topic is instrumental in highlighting the numerous social factors that contribute to homelessness in the American society. Furthermore, homelessness is still a unplayful problem which has so many different causes but the society have not had the solutions for this problem. From all information of the article, I have learned more friendship about the causes of homelessness in the U.S. which is a well-developed country but it does last the homelessness. The cause is not except from the society, but it is also among to all people who ar e funding in this world assume the responsibility for their life and their families.\r\n kit and caboodle Cited\r\nNational Coalition for the Homeless. A Variety of Social Factors Causes Homelessness. contemporary Controversies: Poverty and the Homeless. Mary E. Williams. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2004. contend Viewpoints Resources Center. Gale. Houston Community College. 18. Jan 2013.\r\nCarnacchio, C. J. Homelessness Is Not ships companyââ¬â¢s Problem. fence Viewpoints: The Homeless. Ed. Jennifer A. Hurley. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2002. Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Gale. Houston Community College. 21. Jan 2013.\r\n'
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